Sciences

Discuss Natural Language Processing for the Social Sciences.

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1. A positive and negative word list (Hu and Bing 2004) exists on CourseWorks (Files à hw à hw2 à negative-words.txt and positive-words.txt). Please create a function called gen_senti that Tokenizes arbitrary text and compares each token with the positive and negative lexicons of each dictionary and outputs the sentiment score, S. Positive and negative words, pw and nw, count as a score of 1 and -1 respectively for each word matched. The total count for pw and nw are pc and nc, respectively. Each message sentiment, S, is normalized between -1 and 1. Any text that does not any positive AND negative words would have to be ignored, and not scored.

For example: Let us say the following sentence was an input into the function “The darkest hour is among us in this time of gloom, however, we will prevail!”. Let’s pretend the negative words were darkest and gloom and positive words were prevail
S = (-1 + -1 + 1) / 3 = -1/3 = -0.3333
2. Using the dataframe from lecture, the_data, column body, apply this function to each corpus and add a column called “simple_senti” (15 points)
3. Using vaderSentiment, apply the “compound” value of sentiment for each corpus in column body on a new column of the_data called “vader” (15 points)
4. Compute the mean, median and standard_deviations of both sentiment measures, “simple_senti” and “vader” (10 points)

DATA : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1CzGp8nNJsgl1BLSbYFQB8GRG3r_KgQTb/view?usp=sharing

Write a paper that examine the influences, effects and outcomes of a vaccine, an antimicrobial or a disease caused by a microorganism.

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The paper should exam the influences, effects and outcomes of a vaccine, an antimicrobial or a disease caused by a microorganism. The paper must incorporate research, data and information from the CDC, WHO, and literary sources. A minimum of five credible references must be utilized in the paper. Each student must research and report on a different vaccine, antimicrobial or disease.

The paper must be typed with 1” margins, double spacing and a 12-point Times Roman font. The paper should also include a reference list. The American Psychological Association format must also be utilized for the paper. The paper should be between five and seven pages in length (not including cover page, abstract, references, exhibits, etc.).

Provides substantive and relevant development of ideas • Offers logical, accurate, and sufficient level of detail • Demonstrates an in depth understanding of the ideas • Evaluates/responds to ideas in a critical, analytical and persuasive manner. Creates a clearly identifiable introduction, body, and conclusion • Provides a sophisticated paragraph structure with each paragraph developing one central idea • Utilizes APA format, Incorporates sophisticated terminology • Avoids irrelevant and redundant words, phrases and other distracting information • Contains no spelling errors • Lacks errors in sentence boundaries such as fused sentences and sentence fragments • Uses paraphrase and quotes skillfully, Presents information in a clear, logical, and effective manner.

Identify receptors related to the general and special senses and identify the structures and functions involved in olfaction. Use at least one source to support your statements and cite this source using in-text citations.

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Assignment Question

Based on the weekly reflection assignments. You should post thoughtful replies that answer all prompts. You need not reply to classmates’ posts in the reflection assignment.

You should use at least one source to support your statements and cite this source using in-text citations and listing the complete reference at the end of your post, following APA guidelines.

Select two of the unit student learning outcome (USLO) prompts below to respond to in this week’s reflection. Identify receptors related to the general and special senses. Identify the structures and functions involved in olfaction. Identify the structures and functions involved in gustation. Identify the structures and functions involved in vision. Identify the structures and functions involved in hearing/equilibrium. Differentiate homeostatic imbalances of the senses.

Describe the relevance of course material you covered in BIO1 week10-15 to your personal live.

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Assignment Question

In this assignment you are asked to describe the relevance of course material you covered in BIO1 week10-15 to your personal lives.

Compare and contrast Dr. Daniel Siegel’s Video see below for the interpersonal neurobiology with the NVC book.

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Assignment Question

Compare and contrast Dr. Daniel Siegel’s Video see below for the interpersonal neurobiology with the NVC book. https://video-alexanderstreet-com.ccny-proxy1.libr.ccny.cuny.edu/watch/clinical-implications-and-applications-of-neuroplasticity?context=channel:academic-video-online

You may choose only to compare or contrast, or both. Note that a compare and contrast paper is not a summary nor an essay, thus, do not make a summarize. Also, do not use a big quote as this will be to the detriment of your grade. This paper has to be submitted in APA style.

Remember that your paper has to be written with supporting facts that can be verified. Avoid making claims such as “this is true.” Say instead something like “it can be suggested,” “the author explains.” It is important that you give a suggestion/s of how new research can shed new information. This has to be mentioned in your conclusion.

Find two to three peer-review scientific articles to support your work. Note: This is not a summary or essay, it is a research paper. Remember that it has to be an original work. -Times Roman font -Use 12 letter size -Double-space

For your chosen TV shows/episode operate under the assumption that your reader has never seen the show that you were critiquing one to two paragraphs explaining methods/lens what approach are you taking to examine the show explain the basic theory that guides this approach, two pages of analysis, what insight we gain from applying the method lens of criticism to the selected artifact.

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Assignment Question

An introduction, including a clear thesis statement, and any relevant questions that motivated your research 1 to 2 paragraphs of plot summary, for your chosen TV shows/episode operate under the assumption that your reader has never seen the show that you were critiquing one to two paragraphs explaining methods/lens what approach are you taking to examine the show explain the basic theory that guides this approach, two pages of analysis, what insight we gain from applying the method lens of criticism to the selected artifact, one to two pages arguing for the significance of your research and summarizing the essay.

Research how space exploration over the past seven decades and identify specifically the many ways it that has improved our lives. Then reflect on this and write a 5-page paper on your findings (the fifth page being the bibliography/references).

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Assignment Question

The Benefits of Space Exploration and Research Space exploration and associated research not only helps us to better understand the universe it also results in several tangible benefits to society. Research how space exploration over the past seven decades and identify specifically the many ways it that has improved our lives. Then reflect on this and write a 5-page paper on your findings (the fifth page being the bibliography/references). Your paper should be broad enough to account for the majority of these yet detailed enough to provide sufficient detail. The length is based upon the use of 1-inch margins, an 11-point Times Roman font, and 1½ line spacing. If a different style is utilized, it should result in an equivalent effort (for example double spaced papers should be six pages in length.

Which of these forms are easiest and which are most challenging for you to provide to others? Explain your answer

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Assignment Question

Respond back to students post . Student one Which of these critique forms do you find most valuable to receive, either from peers or your professors? Why? I find Formative Feedback and Global Critique the most significant to obtain, whether from peers or professors. This is because Formative Feedback provides concepts during the creation process, letting me improve and perform while I’m still working on a project. Global Critique, on the other hand, gives me a broader perspective about the overall coherence and impact of my work, which is crucial for understanding the bigger picture. Which of these forms are easiest and which are most challenging for you to provide to others? Explain your answer. When it comes to providing feedback, I find that Rubric-based feedback and The Side Note are the easiest for me. With rubrics, there’s a clear guideline that makes it less subjective, and I feel confident knowing I’m providing consistent feedback. The Side Note is also easier since it’s more casual and often pertains to personal reactions or thoughts. “Feedback is deeply rhetorical.” What does this mean? The statement means that the way feedback is framed, its context, audience, and purpose, all play a crucial role in how it’s received and its effectiveness. Essentially, not all feedback is created equal, and the way it’s conveyed matters immensely. What is the risk of feedback that is not rhetorical? The risk of feedback that is not rhetorical is that it may be misunderstood, disregarded, or taken personally. If feedback isn’t tailored to its audience or lacks clarity in its purpose, it might not achieve the intended outcome of helping the receiver grow or improve. It may even demotivate or confuse them. Marco Learning. (2023).

Use Rubrics to Give Better Feedback: 3 Strategies For Success. Marco Learning. https://marcolearning.com/how-to-use-rubrics-to-guide-feedback/ Moxley, J. (2023, July 23). Critique – Types of feedback | Writing Commons. Writing Commons. https://writingcommons.org/section/collaboration/critique/ Student Two Hello, Which of these critique forms do you find most valuable to receive, either from peers or your professors? Why? I feel as though “the side note” is the most valuable to receive. I appreciate this type of feedback most because it is very direct and informative. The side notes on a paper are direct to a specific area in a paragraph or even part of a sentence. With these annotations, it is very clear where the reader gets lost, finds an error, or can make a remark about something in depth to your writing. With these specific notes, I find it easier to edit my paper and understand my readers point of view. Which of these forms are easiest and which are most challenging for you to provide to others? Explain your answer. I believe “endnotes” are the easiest and “line-by-line editing” is the most challenging to provide to others. Endnotes are just a summary of the overall reading with nothing specific to refer to. It is the fastest way to read through someone’s work and give feedback. This type of feedback allows the reader to speak in a general sense as to what they did like and understand and what they didn’t. With line-by-line editing, the reader makes many changes and this tends to upset the writer because it can be a change of perspective that takes away the writer’s voice in their paper. Finally, the reading makes this point: “Feedback is deeply rhetorical.” What does this mean? What is the risk of feedback that is not rhetorical? Feedback is meant to be clear and cogent. Feedback doesn’t always mean that your reader is going to agree or like your argument or thesis. A rhetorical question is not meant to be answered. With that being said, the risk of feedback that is if not done rhetorically you may have the writer going back and forth with the reader like a debate. Student Three: Biology subject Describe the functions of the following components of gastric juice: Hydrochloric acid, Pepsinogen, Pepsin, and Intrinsic factor. Hydrochloric Acid (HCl): Creates an acidic environment in the stomach, which activates pepsinogen to pepsin and facilitates the breakdown of proteins. It also helps in the digestion of food and serves as a defense mechanism against ingested pathogens. Pepsinogen: Inactive precursor to pepsin. Secreted by gastric chief cells, it is activated by the acidic environment in the stomach to pepsin. Pepsin: An enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. Activated from pepsinogen by hydrochloric acid, it plays a crucial role in protein digestion in the stomach. Intrinsic Factor: Produced by the gastric parietal cells, it is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine. Vitamin B12 is crucial for the production of red blood cells. Why don’t the components of gastric juice damage the wall of the stomach in the absence of an H. pylori infection? Mucus Layer: The stomach lining is coated with a thick layer of mucus that acts as a physical barrier. Rapid Cell Turnover: The cells lining the stomach undergo rapid turnover, quickly replacing damaged cells with new ones, minimizing the risk of damage. Tight Junctions: Tight junctions between epithelial cells provide additional protection by preventing the leakage of gastric juice into the underlying tissues. Why don’t most other types of bacteria produce ulcers? Resistance to Acid: Most bacteria are unable to survive in the highly acidic environment of the stomach, limiting their ability to colonize and cause damage. Protective Mechanisms: The stomach has natural defenses, such as antimicrobial peptides and the immune system, which help prevent bacterial infections. case study: Diagnosis of Peptic Ulcer: Helicobacter pylori Infection Treatment Approach: Antibiotics Acid Reduction Medication Huether, S. E., McCance, . L., & Brashers, V. L. (2020). Understanding Pathophysiology (7th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences (US). https://online.vitalsource.com/books/9780323639088 Student Four Functions of Gastric Juice Components: Hydrochloric Acid: Creates an acidic environment for optimal pepsin activity, kills ingested microorganisms, and denatures proteins (Martinsen et al., 2019) Pepsinogen: Converted to pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. Pepsin: Active enzyme that continues protein digestion initiated by pepsinogen. Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein that facilitates absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine (Libretexts, 2022). Protection from Gastric Juice Damage: The stomach lining is protected by a mucous layer that prevents direct contact with gastric juices. Additionally, epithelial cells constantly regenerate, and the alkaline bicarbonate secretion helps neutralize acid near the stomach lining. Bacterial Ulcer Formation: Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) is unique in its ability to survive in the stomach’s acidic environment. Other bacteria typically cannot colonize and cause ulcers due to the hostile conditions, protective mucosal factors, and the effective immune response in the stomach (UCSF Health, 2023). Case Study: Roger’s symptoms and the presence of a peptic ulcer were linked to an infection caused by Helicobacter pylori. Treatment with antibiotics aims to eliminate the bacteria, while acid-reducing medication helps alleviate symptoms and promote healing. Regular monitoring through endoscopy is essential to track progress and ensure the resolution of the ulcer. Reference: Libretexts. (2022, May 13). 23.4: The stomach. Medicine LibreTexts.

  • https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Anatomy_and_Physiology_1e_(OpenStax)/Unit_5%3A_Energy_Maintenance_and_Environmental_Exchange/23%3A_The_Digestive_System/23.04%3A_The_Stomach#:~:text=Intrinsic%20factor%20is%20a%20glycoprotein,conversion%20of%20pepsinogen%20to%20pepsin. Martinsen, T. C., Fossmark, R., & Waldum, H. L. (2019).

The phylogeny and biological function of gastric Juice—Microbiological consequences of removing gastric acid. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(23), 6031. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20236031 UCSF Health. (2023, August 1). Responsive neurostimulation. ucsfhealth.org. https://www.ucsfhealth.org/treatments/responsive-neurostimulation Student five Describe the infectious disease, The infectious disease that is affecting the elderly population would be urinary tract infection. This infection is very common to the elder community and could be a recurring type of infection for some elderly. Identify the causative agent and the factors that influence susceptibility to microbial infections in the elderly. This type of infection is primarily caused by the bacteria E.Coli and can infect the upper and lower urinary tract. The risk factors for this infection are but not limited to catheter use, atrophic urethritis and vaginitis, prostate cancer, chronic bacterial prostatitis, genitourinary problems, prostatic hyperplasia, urinary diversion procedures, and urethral strictures, Discuss any changes in the immune system of the elderly that may affect their ability to fight off infections and disease. The changes in the immune system of the elderly could be immunocompromised diseases as well as immunosuppressant medications. Also, according to our book, Most cases that occur in older men are associated with an obstruction or a medical procedure involving the placement of a catheter. In most cases an obstruction may be the result of kidney stones, blood clots, tumors, scar tissue, or a structural defect such as kinking of the ureters or a compression of the ureters by fibrous connective tissue. Discuss the most common treatments for your selected infection. The most common treatment for UTI is antibiotic therapy that is provided by the physician. Student Six Disease: Multiple Sclerosis Many elderly people have this disease in the united states, This is when the patient has a long lasting chronic disease which is involved with the nervous system. What happens to the body that it can attacts it’s self up. This is also and autoimmune condition. In some cases some patients have a very small amounts of (MS) and other might have more effects. Cause: In the elderly patients the causative agaent and the factor of multiple Sclerosis would include, When the body attacks your brain and your nervers not knowing that it is by your own body. Changes of the body that make it harder to fight infections: The things that make it harder for an older patinent to fight infection would include: the increase of number of memory cells. also over time our body maybecome weaker and have a lower chance to fight off bacteria. Also, the Elderly patients are more prone to infection. So in that way its best that we make sure we are as sterle as possible to make sure that out older patients are less likely to get an infection. Treatment: Some of the treatment for (MS) would include : Corticosteroids which is a vein infusion, methylprednisolone which is given to the patient 3 to 5 days for treament. In addition, There is no cure for (MS) but there but there is treatnent options of patients who have (MS).

Explain the output of your SAS results and describe them within the context of your business problem. In other words, what insights about the data have you found?

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Assignment Question

Background and Outline You previously completed a first draft of the Term Project in 7.3 Term Project: First Draft. That assignment covered Steps 5-7 of the SAS Data Science Life Cycle (recreated below).

In that assignment, you built and validated your models, along with considering a model deployment plan. Now, you should also address Step 8, which monitors and evaluates your models over time. In addition, you will be turning in your final project paper in this assignment. More details are provided in the sections below. Review the draft of your project that you submitted in 7.3 Term Project: First Draft. Be sure to also review any instructor feedback that was given as part of that assignment. Now, you will continue building on that draft. You should continue to build on your model deployment plan by incorporating a few considerations that address the model lifecycle into your bullet point list (completed in 7.3 Term Project: First Draft). Include considerations such as monitoring and evaluating your models over time and training staff to use your models. The 8.1 Readings and Resources page has resources that you will find helpful. You should complete any incomplete portions of your text analysis. Be sure to read the Submission section below for the details of what is required in your text analysis section. This is your opportunity to revise your analysis based on instructor feedback and complete any additional text data analysis that you might like to incorporate. Be sure to explain the output of your SAS results and describe them within the context of your business problem. In other words, what insights about the data have you found? For this portion, you can explain the next steps in your analysis if there are issues that you would want to address in the future (such as collecting more data or additional analysis that you would conduct if you had more time). Additionally, do not forget to add a Conclusion section at the end of your paper. Problem/Opportunity You will begin working on the Term Project assignments in Module 2. First, you will use a selected data set to identify a business problem (or business opportunity) that can be solved using text data and text analysis methods. Then, you will transform that business problem into an analytics problem.

You’ll create a document that summarizes the industry, organization, mission, goals, and objectives of the business whose data you are using. You’ll also describe the strategy you plan to use and explain how the business problem relates to the organization’s goals and objectives. In Module 3 you will frame the business problem as an analytics problem, and you will identify the following: Who the stakeholders are. What problem the research is meant to solve. Where the problem occurs. When the problem occurs. Why the problem occurs. Text Analytics and Deployment Plan You will begin working to format and analyze the data in the Term Project assignment in Module 4. Later, in Module 7 you will incorporate a predictive analysis of your text data and a plan for model deployment. Your Text Analytics Results and Deployment Plan should include the following components: Analysis of the text data and insights that are particularly interesting or relevant to your business problem. Information on a model deployment plan, including personnel, training, software, and data analysis tools and techniques. Screenshots and formatted tables to support your analysis. More details can be found in the Term Project assignments. Sections in the Term Project Final Paper The final paper should be in the 12-17 page range (including cover page and references, excluding the appendix). You can include an optional appendix if you want to provide more details.

The final submission in Module 8 should include the following sections:

Cover Page Section 1: Explain the background of the problem, the business problem or opportunity, and how analytics will provide more insight into the problem or opportunity.

Section 2: Incorporate information about the dataset that you are using. Make it clear what your text variable is and what your target variable is.

Section 3: Incorporate information about the text data restructuring and preprocessing strategy that you previously completed. You can include screenshots if you’d like.

Section 4: Incorporate text analysis into your assignment. It should address text analytics methods used and an in-depth discussion of results. In Module 7, you should make good progress on your data analysis, and most of your analysis should be complete. In Module 8, you will have an opportunity to revise your analysis based on instructor feedback and complete any additional text data analysis that you might like to incorporate.

Section 5: Use a bullet point list that outlines some considerations for a model deployment plan. List considerations that you’d need to take into account in order to take your models and put them into action.

Section 6: End your paper with a Conclusion. References in APA format. Optional Appendix SAS Software As part of your final project, you will use the SAS Viya to import and analyze your data. You will submit screenshots and formatted tables to support your analysis.


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