What is linguistic relativity and what is one key hypothesis associated with it? Give two examples of how it might be used to explain differences in how reality is classified/experienced?

Answer the Following Questions
Questions:
1a) It is often said that Anthropologists strive to transcend dualism. Explain what dualism means in this context? Drawing upon topics covered between classes 4 and 12, identify 3 cases in which anthropologists have attempted to transcend dualism in practice. (4 marks)
1b) Generally speaking, Anthropologists strive to employ holistic, comparative and relativistic perspectives in their research. Pretend that you are an anthropologist and were given a substantial research budget, several research assistants, and one year to design and carry out a study of the meaning that alcohol consumption has for human beings. How do you think following each of these perspectives might influence the way in which you would approach this research project? (3 marks)
2a) What is linguistic relativity and what is one key hypothesis associated with it? Give two examples of how it might be used to explain differences in how reality is classified/experienced? (2 marks)
2b) What are some forces that anthropologists argue have resulted in greater linguistic convergence and greater linguistic divergence in different places over time? Give one example of each process. Also briefly discuss two terms used to describe speaking patterns in various stages of convergence with or divergence from another speaking pattern (4 marks).
3) The film Mardi Gras: Made in China combines images of partiers at the Mardi Gras festival in New Orleans with those of the factory workers in China who are employed in the manufacturing of the beads and other products that are used in that festival. Despite the fact that these two groups of people are very closely connected to each other through their involvement with these products, neither side seems to know anything about how the other lives until the filmmaker shows them video footage.
Similarly, the film Food, Inc. focuses on the degree to which consumers of food in the United States are largely unaware of the conditions in which that food is produced and highlights the very difficult conditions in which factory and farm workers (some of whom are illegal migrant workers) involved in meat production must now work.
3a) Briefly explain the meaning of one concept covered in class that might help to explain this disconnect between consumers and producers? (2 marks)
3b) Discuss some of the ways in which increasing economic globalization and the spread of capitalist economies around the world have been responsible for bringing these kinds of situations into being? (5 marks)
3c) How and why do you think followers of the Functionalist Theory of Inequality and followers of the Conflict Theory of Inequality might differ when explaining the stark inequalities that exist between these workers and the people they produce for? (3 marks)
3d) Despite long hours, difficult and often unsafe working conditions, low pay, and no health benefits, both films show that workers very rarely challenge the authority of the people they work for. Drawing upon examples from at least one of these two films, discuss two concepts that might be used to explain their behaviour. (4 marks)
4a) It is often said that ethnic identities can be both situational and fluid. Explain what these ideas mean and provide an example of each. (2 marks)
4b) What are two of the main ways in which the boundaries of particular ethnic groups are created and/or maintained. Give an example of each. (2 marks)
4c) What is an artificial country and how were most artificial countries created? How does this relate to the concept of subnationality? (3 marks)
4d) What are some potential problems that have been associated with nationalism and why do you believe that many people are concerned about the growing number of ultra-nationalist governments around the world in recent years? (2 marks)
5) a) For many years, Europeans justified their colonial exploitation of other parts of the world using the concepts of race and evolution. Describe the main assumptions that were made about each of these ideas and the ways in which these concepts were used to justify colonialism? (4 marks)
5b) Research in Biological Anthropology has helped to challenge the idea that “races” are objective and natural categories into which different groups of people can be easily slotted. Discuss some of the key findings from this subfield that help to discredit the idea of race. (4 marks)
5c) Many anthropologists have argued that race is actually better understood as a ‘cultural’ and ‘historical’ category rather than as a ‘biological’ one and some have taken to using the verb racialization instead of the noun race. What do you believe they mean by this and why might this change in wording be significant? (4 marks)
6a) Briefly explain five different methodological approaches that cultural anthropologists have historically used to investigate different cultural groups and explain how these methods typically work. I’m looking more for the toolboxes than the specific tools (3 marks)
6b) Describe two methodological approaches that anthropologists have developed more recently to study the complexity of the contemporary world and explain the kinds of situations in which each of these methods would likely be used. Identify cases from two of the films we watched this semester in which each of these methods was used. (2 marks)
7a) How might the three different theoretical perspectives on religion discussed in class differ in the way that they explain belief in the idea of reincarnation? (3 marks)
7b) What were some of the core ideas associated with The Enlightenment and how does this concept relate to religious fundamentalism? (4 marks)
7c) While some expected that the beliefs associated with the Enlightenment would eventually take over the entire world, recent years have seen the emergence of a number of “revitalization movements” of various kinds. What are revitalization movements and what are two examples of revitalization movements that we see in the contemporary world? (3 marks)
8) a) Explain the difference between Prehistoric and Historic Archaeology and explain how these fields differ in the way they tend to locate sites or areas for potential excavation? In either or both of these cases, would their approach to choosing sites be likely to differ if the archaeologist in question was working in the field of Cultural Resource Management as opposed to in an academic setting? If so, how? (4 marks)
8b) Many cultural artifacts excavated by archaeologists have been displayed in museums. How would you describe the major change or changes that occurred in the way in which cultural items were displayed in museums from the 19th century to the early part of the 20th century? Why did this change occur and how did it relate to changing theoretical perspectives and ideas in Anthropology? (4 marks)
8c) In the 21st century, many Indigenous peoples and other descendants of people who once lived in areas studied by archaeologists and biological anthropologists have criticized the practices of museums and argued in favour of “repatriation.” Explain what this means and why you think this movement has grown around the world over time? What are some ways in which Archaeology has changed in response to these movements? (3 marks)
9)a) Discuss the most important things that have tended to distinguish the social organization of foraging societies from that of horticultural societies? What is the “The Original Affluent Society” and how does it relate to this discussion? (3 marks)
9b) What are plantation agriculture and industrial agriculture? How are they related to each other and how are they different? What sorts of changes have distinguished these developments from earlier forms of intensive agriculture? Cite an example from one or more films watched in class to illustrate your points. (4 marks)
9c) What is the meaning of the concept of Terra Nullius and how does it relate to this discussion about agriculture? (2 mark)
10a) Explain how employing a cross-cultural lens can serve to challenge some heteronormative assumptions about sex, gender, and sexuality and give two examples of findings that have done this(3 marks)
10b) What are the main arguments given for why women often had lower social status relative to men in agricultural and later industrial capitalist societies? (3 marks)
10c) What were four social changes that started to change the power imbalance between men and women in North America during and after the Second World War and what are two inequalities that continue to exist in the present, particularly in North America? (3 marks)
11) It has been argued that the era of globalization can be subdivided into three distinct phases: a) from about 1500 to 1800; b) from about 1800 to 1950; and c) from about 1950 to the present. Describe what you take to be the most significant developments in each of these phases which contributed to increasing global connections over time. Pay close attention to the role of power and inequality in these processes (8 marks)

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