Part I
Choose three of six. of the following questions and answer them as completely as possible in a short essay format. Cite all source material using APA format, in-text citations. The answer to each question should be between 300-400 words (500 words max). Please double-spaced your answers in 12 point font. At the end of your final exam include a complete bibliography for all sources used, in APA format. The questions for this final exam draw on the material from Lessons 7 through 12. Remember only answer three of six. Each question is marked out of 10 (please see rubric).
Charlie is seventeen years old and in grade twelve. He comes from a poor family background and his family has never been able to afford the same luxuries as his friends’ families. Charlie is not doing well in school and his family cannot afford to hire a tutor to help him. He fears that he will not be able to go to college and will not get a good job. The admission tests for college are coming up and these tests will determine whether Charlie will get into college and whether he will get a scholarship. Using all 5 of Merton’s typology of adaptations to strain, discuss the various ways that Charlie might adapt to this situation. Use any other theories you wish to discuss which outcome is most likely in your opinion, and why?
Thomas is sixteen years old and has grown up in a rough area of Toronto. He was raised by a single mom who was rarely at home and worked to provide for Thomas and his younger brother. Thomas became involved in a youth gang when he was just eleven. Recently he has been involved in fights and episodes of gang violence and he has been earning some money by running drugs for a more powerful gang member. His mother worries that he will get into trouble, but Thomas is more concerned with the opinion of the other gang members than with his mother’s fears. How might Miller’s six focal concerns of lower class culture contribute to Thomas’ delinquency? Discuss the relevancy of Miller’s theory to this situation and explain any problems that exist with this theory (and other subculture theories).
How do community and criminal justice system reactions to crime and deviance affect the likelihood of future offending? What are the roles of labelling and shame? Discuss the positive and negative possibilities of shaming—how does the context of labelling and shaming alter the likely outcomes for offenders?
Discuss the ways in which crime and deviance are “functional” in society, according to Durkheim. Provide specific examples which illustrate these functions. If crime is indeed functional, can it ever be eliminated from society? Why or why not?
How do inner and outer containment function and what are the benefits and deficits of each as a form of social control? In your opinion, which of these is most effective at controlling individual behaviour and why?
Choose any one type of crime and explain how it may be justified, giving an example of each of the five “techniques of neutralization” proposed by Sykes and Matza. Explain the function of techniques of neutralization with respect to “drift.”
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