What in your opinion, based upon the readings is the reason for sectarianism, i.e Shiism, Kharijism etc. in Islam?

1.Based upon the readings, did Islam penetrate sub-Saharan Africa via wars of conquest? Please explain in detail. (Use Development of Islam in West Africa)

2. Based upon the readings, what is the Millet system of the Ottoman Empire. Do you believe this system is the main factor that explains the empire’s longevity? (page 62 of Islam: the straight path)

3.Based upon the readings, what role, if any did Jews play in Muslim Spain?
4.What in your opinion, based upon the readings is the reason for sectarianism, i.e Shiism, Kharijism etc. in Islam? (use The Last Great Muslim Empires)

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