Attached below are the questions to be answered in depth and each question answered in its entierty. I have attached this in document form as well, along with the article to be used, reviewed, and analyzed and an example provided by the instructor.
The PICO Question for this is as follows: In adults with chronic back pain, how does yoga compared with alternative therapies affect pain management?
This is what the article review should be focused around. Please message with any questions!
The evaluation table content is the information needed and the attached questions below. Please answer in its entierty. Thank you in advance!
Critical Appraisal Evaluation Table Content
Author and Source – Citation for study using APA format
Conceptual Framework – Theoretical basis for study goes here; conceptual or theoretical framework. If none, state NONE
Design/Method – What is the research design as discussed in class (true experimental pre-test post-test, non-experimental descriptive correlational, etc.)? How was the study carried out? How many groups were there? How were the subjects assigned to groups? What was the intervention exactly? What did the control group receive?
Sample/Setting – What is the sampling design? Was power analysis calculation used to determine the sample size? Characteristics of the sample including the number of subjects and characteristics of the patients such as gender, other important characteristics. Where did the study take place (what country, in a clinic or hospital, etc.)? Was there attrition in the study? If so, give and explain. You may have to look at numbers to determine attrition as it may not be addressed in the study.
Major Variables studied and their definitions – Independent and dependent variables in the study; conceptual definitions of each. If definitions are not given, state not given. IF the study has multiple variables, you NEED to report ONLY those that address the PICO question. Standard of care is not a variable.
Measurement – Names of scales, instruments, or lab samples used to measure the outcome variables including name and author of scale if available and data on reliability (e.g., Cronbach’s alpha, inter-rater reliability, etc.) and validity (e.g., content validity index). If biophysiological measure, report specificity and sensitivity. If reliability and validity measures are not given, state not given. IF the study has multiple variables, you NEED to report ONLY on those that measure the variables addressed in your PICO question.
Data Analysis – Types of statistical tests used; give names of individual tests. If only descriptive statistics (e.g. frequency counts, percentages) used specify which ones. What was the level or significance for the study set at before the statistical tests were ran? (e.g., P<0.05) IF the study has multiple variables, you NEED to report ONLY those statistical tests that that address the variables in the PICO question. Findings - Statistical results of analysis; should be a finding for every test in the previous column. Make sure to list the statistical test value and the p value to indicate statistical significance. It is imperative statistical significance of the findings is addressed. Findings statistically significant or non-significant? IF the study has multiple variables, you NEED to report ONLY the findings that address the variables in the PICO question. Appraisal: Worth to Study - Strengths and limitations of study methods; not the study findings (student may need to identify as author may not give this). For example, was there a power analysis. If so, was the needed sample size met? How was bias reduced in the study? Was the study an experimental or quasi-experimental study? Was random sampling used to select the subjects? Was the generalizability of the findings limited? What is the risk of harm if study intervention or findings are implemented; feasibility of use in nursing practice; Level of the Evidence on the hierarchy. (see hierarchy in chapter 2 of text). Remember level of the evidence + quality of the evidence = strength and confidence to act.
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