In treating a woman for malignancy in the left breast, the surgeon removes some of her axillary lymph nodes. Following surgery, the patient experiences edema of her left arm. Explain why.
Anti-B antibodies of a type-A mother rarely affects the RBCs of a type B fetus. Yet anti-D antibodies of an Rh– woman sometimes cross the placenta and hemolyze the RBCs of an Rh+ fetus. Explain this difference based on your knowledge of the five immunoglobulin classes.
How does the structure of a B cell differ from that of a plasma cell? Explain how their structural difference relates to their functional difference.
An Indiana husband and wife, both feeling ill, went to separate hospitals to be examined, and several potential diagnoses were suggested. A few days later, on July 11, 2008, both patients were evaluated at the same hospital. There, physicians were able to make a preliminary diagnosis of botulism based on the couple’s shared symptoms, which included cranial nerve palsy and descending flaccid paralysis. Both patients required mechanical ventilation. During a search of the couple’s refrigerator, local health officials found an unlabeled bag of leftover chili sauce that, when analyzed, contained botulin, the bacterial toxin that causes botulism. Botulin is produced by Clostridium botulinum, an endospore-forming bacterium. Because botulism is a reportable disease, the facts of the case were forwarded to the Indiana State Department of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Four days earlier, the CDC had received a similar report from Texas, where two siblings had been diagnosed with botulism, again only after being examined at the same hospital. Both children had eaten Castleberry’s Hot Dog Chili Sauce for lunch on June 28. Although the can from this meal had been discarded, another can, bought at the same time, was found in the home.
Based on these two cases, the CDC suspected a common source epidemic.
– What conditions encourage the germination of Clostridium botulinum endospores?
– What is a common source epidemic?
Explain the relationship among the following terms: genomics, proteomics, gene, protein, genotype, and phenotype.
Compare the structure and functions of DNA and RNA.
Structure
Function
DNA
RNA
You are a public health official trying to determine the identity of the pathogen circulating within your city. Explain which genetic technologies would be most useful in this process.
Summarize the goal of the Human Genome Project and discuss three new fields of science that have developed from this research.
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