What are three common requirements/restrictions associated with this exception?

Use the attached pages and included citation as a source as well as 2 other sources.

The first category of exceptions are those searches conducted without a warrant, but which are still based on probable cause.
1) The first warrantless action described in your book is searches incident to arrest.
a). What is the logic for permitting this exception?
b). What are three common requirements/restrictions associated with this exception?
c). Where can police officers reasonably search incident to the arrest and what may they seize?
d). In Riley v. California (2014), the Supreme Court held that police may not search a suspect’s cell phone seized pursuant to arrest without a warrant.
Based on the brief discussion in your book and the logic behind the exception, does this make sense? Would you have ruled that way, or found that the government’s interests outweigh the invasion of privacy? Why or why not?

2) a). What is the exigent circumstances exception?
b). What are the three types of exigencies listed in your book?
c). What is hot pursuit and what are the requirements for this exception?
d). Give an example of hot pursuit.

3) a). What is the plain view doctrine and what are its two requirements?
b). List the four situations in your book describing “lawful vantage point” for police officers.
c). What is meant by “immediately apparent”? What has to be immediately apparent?
d). What example does your book use, and what happened in that case?

4) Some warrantless actions do not require probable cause. Your book groups these under Administrative Justification. In these cases the court generally justifies the intrusions as reasonable because those entities or individuals have a “reduced expectation of privacy” (discussed in the previous module) in those situations.
a). What is the justification for border checkpoint searches and what may be searched?
b). What is a drunk driving checkpoint? c). How did the court come to the conclusion that the checkpoint discussed in Michigan Dept. of State Police v. Sitz (1990) was constitutional? What privacy interests did the Court weigh and what factors did they consider?

5) Many warrantless searches are based on consent, and validly obtained consent justifies a search either with or without probable cause.
a). Does refusal to consent to a search give rise to probable cause, and why or why not?
b). What is required for consent to be valid, and how do we determine that?
c). Can you think of a situation where although consent is given, it may not be valid? What facts or factors lead you to that conclusion?

Citation for pages included-
Worrall, J. L., Hemmens, C., & Nored, L. S. (2017). Criminal evidence: An introduction. Oxford University Press.

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