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Use the MLA style throughout the paper.1 This is the default style in our course. If you wish to
apply the APA style or the Chicago style instead, you may do so. Declare your chosen style in a
visible place on the cover page, and apply it consistently throughout the paper.
If you use direct quotations, limit them to less than 10% of the paper. Be sure to apply the MLA
rules (or your chosen style’s rules) for formatting and referencing direct quotations.
Write in clear and correct English. Follow the Writing Advice file posted in the course website.
Use a dictionary. Proofread your work.
Keep all notes, photocopies, and any other material you used for this assignment until after the
final grades for this course have been recorded. You may be requested to submit this material.
TOPIC AND RESEARCH QUESTION
Choose one of the following categories of technological failure, select a specific example on
which to focus, and formulate your research question:
• failed innovations
• errors, accidents, disasters
• unintended consequences
Choose an example about which you can formulate a clear and answerable question. Take
advantage of the course readings as repositories of examples and sources of questions and
ideas, but formulate an independent question that is not already answered in the readings. Aim
to expand on the course content with your independent research.
COVER PAGE
On the cover page of your paper, write
• your full name and student number
• the name of the course
• the name of the assignment, Research Project
• the title of your project

The report will be about 1500-2000 words (about 6-8 pages), notes and illustrations excluded.
typewritten in 12 pt font, double-spaced, with standard margins, no blank spaces, printed
single-sided on plain paper. Do not justify the lines at the right margin. Do not subdivide the
report into sections using headings or blanks. Indent the first line of every paragraph by 1.27
cm (0.5 inch) from the left margin.
Write in clear and correct English. Use a dictionary to ensure that your words convey your
meaning precisely and are spelled correctly. Form sentences that are complete, logical, and
easy to read. Coordinate verbs with subjects, and adjectives and pronouns with their nouns.
Avoid redundancies and empty statements. Proofread your work to avoid mistakes and
nonsense. Follow the advice in the file, “Writing Advice” posted in the course website.
Organize the report into introduction, body, and conclusion (but do not separate these parts
with headings or blank lines.)
If you used direct quotations, be sure to format them properly and integrate them in your
discussion. In other terms, do not put “floating quotations” in your text. Use direct quotations
with discernment, when there is a reason to refer directly to the specific words of a source, a
keep them to no more than 10% of your paper.

Introduction
Avoid fluff and go straight to the point: state clearly and explicitly your topic and research
question.
Articulate how your topic and question relate to the course. Be specific. It is not enough to
state, for instance, that the question is related to science or technology. What specific aspects
of science and technology are involved? Explain how your research question fits in the topics
and themes of the course, what its significance is, and how it is relevant to our understanding
of the relations of science, technology, and society. Make explicit references to the relevant
parts of the course material. Give a brief but bright preview of the answer you found through
your research. Add any comment that may help the reader to appreciate your work for this
project.
Avoid empty generalities that carry no information relevant to your topic and grand statements
that you would not be able to substantiate, as for example, “Humanity has always been driven
to discover the secrets of nature through science,” or “Technology has come a long way and will
continue forever to advance and improve our lives.”

Body
Report what you found with your research.
Discuss any aspect of your sources that is relevant to answering your question.
Do not go over the sources serially but organize information and ideas according to the
understanding that you have formed through your examination of the sources. Articulate the
logical relations between pieces of information and ideas, following a coherent thread and
showing the reader how you reached your conclusions.
Draw connections with course material whenever it is appropriate. Use the concepts and terms
that you are learning in the course, and make explicit references to people, events, and ideas
discussed in course readings and class discussions.
Do not slip into unsubstantiated clichés about scientists, science, and technology. Back up your
conclusions with a thoughtful argument and reliable evidence.

Conclusion
Conclude with a discussion of the meaning of your findings.
What is the main result of your research? How does your research expand on the course
content? Again, be specific and make explicit references to the relevant parts of the course
material.

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