Explain why some individuals perform well while others do not when faced with certain tasks or challenges (Bandura).

Comments 2 peers about their discussion post using 2 references (each peer 200 words)

(1) PIER 1 Discussion Post: Critique of theory self efficacy
by Mayra Arriaza De Espinosa – Wednesday, June 8, 2022, 10:26 PM

Introduction
Self-efficacy theory is a structured framework for evidence-based evaluation criteria. It involves a rigorous assessment of evidence from clinicians’ proficiency, quality studies, and patients’ preferences to resolve clinical problems. The theory of self-efficacy is a person’s belief in their ability concerning particular situations in life. The psychologist, Albert Bandura, posited that a person’s belief determines their capability to exercise control over their functioning and events that affect their lives (Bandura, 1986). This belief in exerting authority over their life situations is influenced by social persuasion, emotional state, mastery experience, and vicarious experience. High self-efficacy is linked to several positive benefits, such as healthy lifestyle habits, resilience to adversity and stress, and improved academic and work-related performance. Self-efficacy theory is applicable in nursing practice in self-care, self-regulation, self-management, and self-monitoring.
Mastery experiences, an important component of the self-efficacy theory, relate to the outcomes of past performances. It occurs when individuals gather more confidence by conquering new life challenges. Chen (2020) asserted that mastery experiences are the most influential source of efficacy information. They provide first-hand, internal, and authentic data about whether a person can muster what it takes to succeed. Practical success over situations in life builds a strong belief in an individual’s efficacy. Subsequent failures undermine the affirmation of robust efficacy, especially when a failure occurs before a determination of efficacy is firmly established. Mastery of experience contributes immensely to evidence-based practice in the nursing profession. For example, when a nurse intends to know the side effects of medical drugs on a particular patient, they seek historical information from the patient and apply it in adjusting their treatment recommendations.
The second builder of self-efficacy is social role models or vicarious experiences. The vicarious experiences describe the self-efficacy stimulants presented by a person’s social environment. Concisely, seeing other people whose situations are similar succeeding through sustained and persistent efforts raises the observer’s determination. The observers reassure themselves about the capabilities using comparable situations of others. The effect of vicarious experience increases with the level of internal motivation of an individual and the mindset they use to approach life. Positive mindsets would benefit more from social role models as they are already tuned to the mood of achieving. It is important to improve health safety through the influence of a social role model. For instance, diet control is where a person lives like someone who believes in their experience and knowledge regarding healthy life behaviors.
Social persuasion increases self-efficacy by consolidating positive verbal feedback and encouragement while undertaking challenging tasks. Shiau et al. (2020) concluded that self-efficacy is a product of encouragements and discouragements. For example, telling an elementary school child that they can achieve any level of greatness they desire would be verbal persuasion intended to trigger an action. The same applies when administering self-care among patients when nurses need to reassure the patients of their ability to sustain their condition by observing behavioral health practices. A good example applies in counseling. For instance, a reasonable level of persuasion is important when a nurse advises a patient to control his smoking habits to escape the harmful side effects.
More so, visualization or imaginary experiences also have a stake in building self-efficacy. Lippke (2020) suggested this route to self-efficacy, where people visualize themselvesbehaving effectively or being successful in a particular situation. Imaginary experiences are significant in nursing practice to both patients and nurses. For instance, the nursing training process is rigorous and involving. Therefore, learners need to visualize success to remain committed to the call.
In summary, self-efficacy theory measures the probability of success as most likely through the interplay of visualization of success, social persuasion, vicarious experience, and mastery experiences. This theory is key to the nursing profession in their training and practice.
References
Bandura, A. (1986). The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory. Journal of social and clinical psychology, 4(3), 359-373.
Chen, Y. (2020). Correlation between self-efficacy and English performance. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 15(8), 223-234.
Lippke, S. (2020). Self-efficacy theory. Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences, 4722-4727.
Shiau, W. L., Yuan, Y., Pu, X., Ray, S., & Chen, C. C. (2020). Understanding fintech continuance: perspectives from self-efficacy and ECT-IS theories. Industrial Management & Data Systems.
Critique of Self-Efficacy Theory
by Marice Arcia Del Rey – Wednesday, June 8, 2022, 6:46 PM
Number of replies: 0
Critique of Self-Efficacy Theory
The theory of Self-Efficacy by Albert Bandura is a middle-range theory that focuses on the relationship between behavior and personality. It is widely used in the nursing discipline to explain the behaviors of patients who have chronic illnesses (Shefaly, 2021). This theory was developed by considering different factors, including the environment, thoughts, emotions, and physiological changes. The concept focuses on people’s abilities to control their lives by affecting intra-personal mechanisms (subconscious), such as realizing goals using self-reinforcement techniques and positive or negative feedback (Shefaly, 2021). Intra-personal mechanisms may not be sufficient if social forces beyond one’s control considerably impact their behavior. This essay critiques the theory using the internal and external criticism evaluation process.
Internal Criticism
In internal criticism evaluation, the theory is critically evaluated based on its consistency in fulfilling the objectives of the nursing discipline. In this case, Bandura developed his Self-Efficacy Theory to explain how individual behavior is determined by their self-beliefs, which are formed by past experiences and perceptions. He suggested that people develop beliefs about their own capabilities from their past experiences and perceptions; hence, these beliefs determine their behavior or performance in later situations.Explain why some individuals perform well while others do not when faced with certain tasks or challenges (Bandura). For example, people who believe they can perform well at something will try harder than those who believe they cannot perform well at it. The self-efficacy theory has been well researched among different cultures, age groups, and genders. Bandura’s study proved that children exposed to violence tend to believe that they cannot control their environment and thus reduce their sense of self-efficacy. This led him to conclude that people are motivated when they feel confident enough about their abilities or skills to achieve success in what they do.
Bandura’s theory is one of the most supported theories in psychology due to its convincing findings and consistency over time. This theory also appreciates and bases on previous research. The theory of self-efficacy is based on Bandura’s previous research. Bandura’s previous research includes his social learning theory and the concept of reciprocal determinism (Schunk & DiBenedetto, 2021). The concept of reciprocal determinism states that behavior, personality, and setting are interrelated and impact each other. The theory of self-efficacy was developed from this concept. Social learning theory focuses on how people learn from their environment through observation, imitation, and rewards or punishment for their behavior. This theory was built upon Bandura’s belief that humans can learn from their environment using observational learning, operant conditioning, and social-cognitive processes such as modeling and vicarious learning (Schunk & DiBenedetto, 2021).
External Criticism
Self-efficacy theory explains how human potential is influenced by the environment and one’s perception of it. Bandura’s work in this area has been beneficial to nursing by providing students with insight into the factors (exposure to role models or others, encouragement, rewards, and punishment) that can influence someone’s motivation (Shefaly, 2021). His work also demonstrated how cultural values and social learning theories impact individuals through the process of reinforcement or punishment to increase or decrease behavior change. However, Bandura does not discuss the impact that other factors such as knowledge, skills, locus of control, and genetics may have on self-efficacy. The self-efficacy theory by Albert Bandura is useful in a nursing context because it offers the nurse an effective way of dealing with patient responsibility. Self-efficacy refers to feelings of certainty about one’s abilities to act effectively in a given situation. Patients who feel empowered to make informed decisions about their health care perceive themselves as more capable, who believe they can control their illness and its treatment outcomes will be more responsive and cooperative with the treatment plan implemented by the nurse (Shefaly, 2021)
References
Schunk, D. H., & DiBenedetto, M. K. (2021). Self-efficacy and human motivation. In Advances in Motivation Science (Vol. 8, pp. 153-179). Elsevier.
Shefaly Shorey. (2021). Self-Efficacy in a Nursing Context In book: Health Promotion in Health Care – Vital Theories and Research (pp.145-158). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350003033_Self-Efficacy_in_a_Nursing_Context

(2) PIER 2 Discussion Post: Critique of Self-Efficacy Theory
by Marice Arcia Del Rey – Wednesday, June 8, 2022, 6:46 PM

Critique of Self-Efficacy Theory
The theory of Self-Efficacy by Albert Bandura is a middle-range theory that focuses on the relationship between behavior and personality. It is widely used in the nursing discipline to explain the behaviors of patients who have chronic illnesses (Shefaly, 2021). This theory was developed by considering different factors, including the environment, thoughts, emotions, and physiological changes. The concept focuses on people’s abilities to control their lives by affecting intra-personal mechanisms (subconscious), such as realizing goals using self-reinforcement techniques and positive or negative feedback (Shefaly, 2021). Intra-personal mechanisms may not be sufficient if social forces beyond one’s control considerably impact their behavior. This essay critiques the theory using the internal and external criticism evaluation process.
Internal Criticism
In internal criticism evaluation, the theory is critically evaluated based on its consistency in fulfilling the objectives of the nursing discipline. In this case, Bandura developed his Self-Efficacy Theory to explain how individual behavior is determined by their self-beliefs, which are formed by past experiences and perceptions. He suggested that people develop beliefs about their own capabilities from their past experiences and perceptions; hence, these beliefs determine their behavior or performance in later situations. The Self-Efficacy Theory attempts to explain why some individuals perform well while others do not when faced with certain tasks or challenges (Bandura). For example, people who believe they can perform well at something will try harder than those who believe they cannot perform well at it. The self-efficacy theory has been well researched among different cultures, age groups, and genders. Bandura’s study proved that children exposed to violence tend to believe that they cannot control their environment and thus reduce their sense of self-efficacy. This led him to conclude that people are motivated when they feel confident enough about their abilities or skills to achieve success in what they do.
Bandura’s theory is one of the most supported theories in psychology due to its convincing findings and consistency over time. This theory also appreciates and bases on previous research. The theory of self-efficacy is based on Bandura’s previous research. Bandura’s previous research includes his social learning theory and the concept of reciprocal determinism (Schunk & DiBenedetto, 2021). The concept of reciprocal determinism states that behavior, personality, and setting are interrelated and impact each other. The theory of self-efficacy was developed from this concept. Social learning theory focuses on how people learn from their environment through observation, imitation, and rewards or punishment for their behavior. This theory was built upon Bandura’s belief that humans can learn from their environment using observational learning, operant conditioning, and social-cognitive processes such as modeling and vicarious learning (Schunk & DiBenedetto, 2021).
External Criticism
Self-efficacy theory explains how human potential is influenced by the environment and one’s perception of it. Bandura’s work in this area has been beneficial to nursing by providing students with insight into the factors (exposure to role models or others, encouragement, rewards, and punishment) that can influence someone’s motivation (Shefaly, 2021). His work also demonstrated how cultural values and social learning theories impact individuals through the process of reinforcement or punishment to increase or decrease behavior change. However, Bandura does not discuss the impact that other factors such as knowledge, skills, locus of control, and genetics may have on self-efficacy. The self-efficacy theory by Albert Bandura is useful in a nursing context because it offers the nurse an effective way of dealing with patient responsibility. Self-efficacy refers to feelings of certainty about one’s abilities to act effectively in a given situation. Patients who feel empowered to make informed decisions about their health care perceive themselves as more capable, who believe they can control their illness and its treatment outcomes will be more responsive and cooperative with the treatment plan implemented by the nurse (Shefaly, 2021)
References
Schunk, D. H., & DiBenedetto, M. K. (2021). Self-efficacy and human motivation. In Advances in Motivation Science (Vol. 8, pp. 153-179). Elsevier.
Shefaly Shorey. (2021). Self-Efficacy in a Nursing Context In book: Health Promotion in Health Care – Vital Theories and Research (pp.145-158). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350003033_Self-Efficacy_in_a_Nursing_Context

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