Explain how the anatomists/craniologists/phrenologists argue for male intellectual superiority no matter what empirical evidence they use as the starting point for their arguments.

In God, Women and the New Physics, Wertheim reports on the anatomists/craniologists/phrenologists of the 18th and 19th centuries as engaging in a discipline that claimed to be scientific. State as clearly as possible the two versions of the argument and the evidence that they presented as scientific proof for the supposed intellectual inferiority of women to men. (If you would like to, for this purpose, it is okay to reproduce the arguments as they are paraphrased in the wrap-up for Wertheim’s text.) Explain how the anatomists/craniologists/phrenologists argue for male intellectual superiority no matter what empirical evidence they use as the starting point for their arguments. Explain in detail the objections that can be made against the various assumptions the arguments are making and why these assumptions and arguments are not convincing. Discuss to what extent the activities of the anatomists/craniologists/phrenologists meet the five criteria for science suggested by Klemke, i.e., intersubjective testability, reliability, definiteness and precision, coherence and systematic character, and comprehensiveness and scope. (They are explained in Klemke’s Science and Pseudoscience)
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Some remarks about the rubric’s criteria:
1.Structure
Make sure to divide the body of your essay into an introduction, paragraphs, and a conclusion.
2. Main sources mentioned in body of text
Make sure to mention the title(s) of the works that you are focusing on in your introduction, as well as the names of the authors/directors of these works.
3. Accuracy of references to texts (readings)
4. Demonstrated understanding of texts (readings and films) and the illustration of abstract points with concrete examples
In your essay, make sure to explain things. Whenever you make an abstract point, try to illustrate it with a concrete example. Whenever you use a technical term, (such as ‘four-element-theory,’ or ‘dualism’) explain it to the reader.
5. Quality of assessment of discussed material
Make sure to explain the reasons for why you find something plausible or convincing, or why not. For example, it is correct that the beliefs circulating in antiquity are, for the most part, not convincing. In order to convince your reader of it, you have to explain to them why.
8. Spelling , Grammar

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