Instructions: Read the following background story, review the questions that follow,
research the answers then answer the questions. Include source(s) for EACH numbered question or a point will be deducted.
With his whole heart and soul, the Elephant Man (Joseph Merrick) believed his condition was the result of a tragic accident involving his mother… when pregnant with him his mother was pushed in the road, under the feet of an elephant. She was nearly frightened to death. Sometime after her baby was born he began to show the marks of her terrifying experience. He developed an arm as big as an elephant’s leg, a head domed like an elephant’s, and later a warty, thick elephant-like skin.
Joseph Merrick lived in England at the turn of the 19th century, working as a side-show act in traveling circuses and carnivals. Some believe that his condition was due to elephantiasis, which involves the blockage of lymphatic vessels.
1. What is the function of lymphatic capillaries?
2. In what way are lymphatic vessels similar to veins in how the fluid within them is moved toward the heart?
3. What is lymph? For your answer consider where it comes from and its composition. (in your own words!)?
4. What is the function of lymph nodes?
5. Where do there tend to be large groupings/clusters of lymph nodes?
6. If you have a cut on your hand that may be infected, a clinician might palpate your axial lymph nodes to check for swelling there. In common language where is the axial region? Why would swelling of these lymph nodes indicate an infection?
7. In common language where is the cervical region? Why would a swelling of cervical lymph nodes indicate a sinus infection?
8. What other organs are part of the lymphatic system?
9. What other special “tissues” are part of the lymphatic system?
10. Describe why body regions become enlarged when a person suffers from elephantiasis.
11. While this condition is often caused by a parasitic infestation known as lymphatic
filariasis, there are other reasons it may occur. Given the information in the story above can you develop a reason why Joseph may have developed this condition soon after birth?
1b. Nursing care of a client with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) includes monitoring T
lymphocyte counts.
a. Explain why T-cell numbers are monitored so closely.
b. Why does a person with AIDS experience a greater susceptibility to infectious diseases? (Hint: consider exactly which specific cell is targeted by HIV and the role/job of this cell)
SOURCE(S)
2b. Max is bitten by a rattlesnake while on a camping trip. His friends immediately apply ice packs to the
bitten area to slow the spread of the protein-based toxin; they then rush him to an emergency facility.
a. What treatment would be given and WHY?
b. Is the treatment permanent? (is Max protected from future rattlesnake bites because of the
treatment he received at the emergency facility?) EXPLAIN.
SOURCE(S)
3b. Everyone is eager for a COVID-19 vaccine. Will it cure those who have contracted the disease?
Explain.
SOURCE(S)
4b. Regarding inflammation:
a. What are the four signs of inflammation?
b. What two events or occurrences cause these signs?
c. How does inflammation serve as a protective function?
SOURCE(S)
1c. Paramedics arrive at a car accident to find an elderly gentleman breathing erratically. He was not wearing his seatbelt and had hit his head on the windshield. Given his erratic breathing, they were concerned that he had damaged to the.
A. Pons
B. Medulla oblongata
C. Cerebral cortex
D. Spinal cord
E. Hypothalamus
2c. Michelle, age 45, has been smoking for over 30 years. She now is beginning to have trouble breathing. Her physician sent her to have her respiratory function tested. The results showed that she has emphysema, which is characterized by a decreased surface area for alveolar gas exchange. What component of the respiratory system is most affected in emphysema, causing her to struggle with breathing?
A. Bronchi are inflamed
B. Bronchials are overly dilated
C. Nasal passageways are inflamed, reducing the amount of air through the respiratory track
D. The period the medulla and ponds have become nonfunctional
E. Damage to the alveoli has occurred
3c. Michelle, age 45, has been smoking for over 30 years. She now is beginning to have trouble breathing. Her physician sent her to have her respiratory function tested. The results showed that she has emphysema, which is characterized by a decrease surface area for alveolar gas exchange. Because physiological dead space is increased, she would be exhibiting.
A. Decreased PCO2
B. Increase gas exchange between the alveoli and pulmonary capillary blood
C. Harder and deeper breathing that leaves her feeling tired
D. ncreased resistance during inhaling
E. Smaller amounts of air entering her lungs
4c. Michelle, age 45, has been smoking for over 30 years. She now is beginning to have trouble breathing. Her physician sent her to have her respiratory function tested. The results showed that she has emphysema, which is characterized by a decrease surface area for alveolar gas exchange. Blood samples were also taken. Which results might be expected for her blood respiratory gases and blood pH?
A. Decrease in Po2, increase in PCO2, decrease in blood pH
B. Increase in Po2, decrease in PCO2, increase in blood pH
C. Decrease in Po2, increase in PCO2, increase in blood pH
D. Decrease in Po2, decrease in PCO2, decrease in blood pH
5c. A 10 year old boys playing soccer and begins to have trouble breathing. His mother takes him to the pediatrician who is suspects that he has asthma, and refers the boy to a respiratory specialist. The results from the pulmonary function test confirms the doctors diagnosis of asthma. Asthma makes breathing difficult because?
A. it triggers, inflammation, and bronchoconstriction of bronchioles
B. It triggers inflammation of the nasal passage ways
C. It triggers, spastic closure of the epiglottis, temporary, closing off the trachea
D. It damages the alveoli reducing the respiratory membrane surface area
6c. During surgery, the nerve that stimulates the sternocleidomastoid muscle was damaged. What type of breathing will be impaired?
A. Quiet inspiration
B. Quiet expiration
C. Forced inspiration
D. Forced expiration
E. None of the above the sternocleidomastoid muscle is not involved in ventilation
7c. In the middle of climbing a mountain, Susan is beginning to feel lightheaded, having difficulty thinking, clearly, and she is breathing harder. The symptoms begin when she reached about 7900 feet.
1. Other than the physical exertion she is experiencing, why did Susan begin breathing harder? (hint, consider the gas make up of air at high altitudes versus low altitude, and how this will influence alveolar Po2)
2. How will, breathing harder, and probably a bit faster, affect her PCO2?
3. What is the likely affect on her blood pH? Explain.
4. Given these Pco2 levels, will more or less oxygen reach the brain? Explain your answers,
include your sources or appoint, will be lost!
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