What histological specialization is present in the stomach that gives it the ability to vigorously mix food?

A. What histological specialization is present in the stomach that gives it the ability to vigorously mix food? What histological layer is this specialization found in? (2 points)
B. Provide a possible explanation for the observed metaplasia in esophageal epithelial cells due to chronic acid exposure. (4 points)
C. Predict how an esophagectomy affects stomach physiology. (4 points)
Question 2 (10 points)

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The human digestive tract houses an abundant and diverse microbial community. In fact, the large intestine is one of the most densely populated microbial habitats on Earth.
A. What is the anatomical basis for the wrinkled look of the large intestine? (2 points)
B. Describe the three types of movements associated with mechanical digestion in the large intestine. (3 points)
C. Provide a possible explanation for why an individual may need a fecal microbiota transplant following recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection. (5 points)
Question 2 options:
Question 3 (10 points)

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Asthma is a respiratory condition characterized by inflamed, swollen airways along with increased mucus production and bronchospasms.
A. Physiologically, what are the two main functions of coughing? (2 points)
B. What histological changes would you expect to see in an individual during an asthma attack? (4 points)
C. Predict physiological consequences within the respiratory system and at the organismal level if mesothelial cells are constitutively active and produce excess pleural fluid. (4 points)
Question 4 (10 points)

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Lactose intolerance is a condition that occurs when the small intestine is unable to produce enough lactase, an enzyme that digests the milk sugar lactose.
A. How is the blood supply to the small intestine is different from the blood supply to a canonical non-digestive organ such as skeletal muscle? (3 points)
B. Describe the three unique histological features that are present in the mucosa and submucosa in the small intestine. What functions do each of these features serve? (3 points)
C. Explain how the digestive system works in conjunction with the respiratory system to eliminate excess hydrogen produced as a result of bacterial fermentation of lactose in the small intestine as a result of lactose intolerance. Be sure to include interactions at the chemical level. (4 points)

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