What is the essentialist approach to the study of reality?

What is the essentialist approach to the study of reality? Who defines what a substance is and is not? How do they define and classify things?
What is the difference between the classical addiction and drug dependence theories of drug abuse?
What are the policy implications of each?
How does Reinarman’s study of crack use differ from the classical addiction and drug dependence explanations of addiction?
If Reinarman’s explanation of crack binging and crack addiction is correct, what government policies should be adopted to diminish the problems of crack abuse? How are these policies different from existing policies?
Use the sources mentioned below no outside sources.

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