What technological problem will pose the biggest challenge in the next decade?

Materials are at the heart of industrial development and have pushed society to prosperity. Thousands of years ago, humans may have never thought about flying into the sky or even into space, but the emergence of new technologies and new materials have made that dream a reality.
Advanced materials play an important role in ensuring the survival of human beings and continuously improving the quality of human life.
What technological problem will pose the biggest challenge in the next decade? If you were supplied the resources and financial means, what research project would you undertake to address this problem and why?

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