Ash (1990) utilizes the term “refolution” to characterize ECE transitions, contending that “refolution” is a function of “reforms from above” and “pressures from below”. Given what you know about ECE, how would Ash characterize “refolution” in Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria?

Ash (1990) utilizes the term “refolution” to characterize ECE transitions, contending that “refolution” is a function of “reforms from above” and “pressures from below”. Given what you know about ECE, how would Ash characterize “refolution” in Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria?
NOTE: If you did not choose to read about the Czech or Bulgarian cases, you can still address this question using lecture as case material. The key is to be able to unpack Ash’s argument.
Please choose the BEST answer:
A. “Reform from above” more important in Bulgaria than Czechoslovakia
­B. “Pressure from below” more important in Czechoslovakia than Bulgaria
­ C. Both A and B
­D. “Pressure from below”/“reform from above” equally important in both
­E. None of the above
NOTE: You do NOT have to agree with Ash’s assessment, but you DO need to be familiar with his argument
Please keep the discussion board rubric in mind as you craft your responses because this is a GRADED discussion.

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