Best Writer

Using the research article that you used for your powerpoint presentation in Week 5 (for the Research Limitations assignment), construct a defensive two-page paper, in which you describe possible threats to internal and external validity. Describe whether the results of the study are valid and reliable (address both) based on study participants, study design and measures used. Please note: An abstract is not needed for this paper. The title page and reference page are not included in the two page count requirement.

You are now the victim rights advocate for your county prosecutor’s office. When you entered the criminal justice program, you never dreamed that you would have a career helping victims of crimes to navigate the criminal justice system. Your duties include everything from comforting a victim of a sexual assault to helping the families of murder victims. You already have had opportunities to help many people, and this type of work makes you feel proud of what you do. You are so proud, and that it is all you speak about to your families and friends. When Grace, the chief attorney, asks you to do something, you try to do your absolute best. The following assignment is no different.
Grace, the chief attorney (CA), asks you to draft a report that she will use in her presentation to the county commission. Her goal is to keep the victim witness assistant positions that currently exist and to increase the number of these positions in the future. She knows that providing victim advocacy is a relatively new concept to the criminal justice system and that the commissioners are not familiar with the concept that the criminal justice system should take a more active role with victims.
Grace needs you to provide information from 8 of the following 12 areas of discussion in 3-5 pages:
Give a definition of victimology.
What is the history of victimology, and how has it developed?
Explain how it is different from criminology, sociology, or psychology.
Who established the first safe houses for battered women? Where and when were these safe houses established?
Who established the first rape crisis centers? Where and when were these centers established?
How has the civil rights movement contributed to antidiscrimination efforts and the establishment of hate crime legislation and policy?
What role have children’s rights groups played in highlighting the problems that child victims face in the criminal justice system?
Which organizations might she contact that provide specific advocacy for victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, child abuse, and homicide?
What services are not provided by government crime compensation programs?
Explain the need for all states to require mandatory reporting by religious organizations of child abuse by clergy.
How can the media be used to affect change in states that do not yet require mandatory reporting?
Research the clergy abuse in a state of your choice, and answer the following:
If mandatory reporting exists, how long has this been a requirement? What organizations are involved in tracking and helping the victims with this type of abuse?
If mandatory reporting does not exist, what alternative processes exist for reporting clergy abuse?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l5kIbQRjJHk – This is the link to the video you will need to do a powerpoint presentation on. – relate this back to crimmigration & international refugee laws. This is for a human rights class.

** I chose (utilitarianism)
When attempting to resolve complex moral dilemmas, we need to be able to give good reasons to support the conclusions that we draw. It is not enough to say that something is wrong, we must show why it is wrong. An excellent way to provide good reasons is to apply a moral theory directly to a case and see what action the theory would prescribe or to see how the theory would evaluate an action that has already been performed.
To do this well, one should spend some time justifying why we are using this theory instead of any other theory we may have chosen instead. To justify a theory, one needs to explain why this theory is the best way to resolve our contested moral issues. For example, “We should use X moral theory to resolve this issue because Y is the most important consideration when evaluating moral actions. Y is the most important consideration for reasons Z and A.”
Your task for this paper is to choose one moral theory from this list: utilitarianism, Kantianism, or virtue ethics, justify it, and apply it to the case study below to tell us what course of action the theory would recommend. After your analysis, reflect on your theory’s results – do you personally agree with the verdict? Why? Are there any important considerations ignored by your theory? If so, what are they? What objections can be raised against your theory? How might those objections be overcome?

The Case: In a small farming community, a businessman and entrepreneur buys the biggest local pond in the region and sells rights to it to local farmers for irrigation and to the local town for residential water. He increases his profits this way and proceeds, over the years, to buy-up all the other ponds in the region. Since the area is very remote and completely dependent on the local water supply, the businessman then decides to increase the price of water-rights by fifteen times, which effectively makes water-rights too expensive for farmers and most residents of the region. Some of them have other places to go to find work, but most will wind-up in complete poverty or starvation with nowhere to turn. The Businessman is perfectly OK with this, as he wants to buy the bankrupt farmer’s land and use it for other business ventures. Nor does he care that this will be depopulating most of the community, as he plans on buying-up their lands as well and using those too. The businessman has done nothing illegal and feels that it is his right to do what he pleases with his own property.
Is the businessman doing anything immoral in this case? Apply one moral theory (utilitarianism, Kantianism, or virtue ethics) to this case and determine if the businessman’s actions are morally acceptable, according to the theory you chose).
Your paper should be set up as follows:
1) Introduction – briefly and generally set up the discussion you intend to have within your essay
Include a thesis statement telling your reader what you hope to show, or attempt to prove with your essay – “This essay will explain that X moral theory condemns/supports the businessman’s actions and we should/should not adopt this theory because of (reasons we should or should not adopt it).”
2) Explain to us, in your own words, how the theory works, and justify it.
Be sure to define key terms
Make sure you present the theory in its strongest form
You need to show how it works (explain all that is required for us to properly apply the theory below)
3) Apply the theory to the case of the Businessman
Show the steps used to make the application (do not just say “the theory says X” – show how this conclusion is reached) – for the utilitarian, you must explain how utility is calculated (use Bentham’s felicific calculus) and apply this to the case, for Kantianism, you must apply the categorical imperatives, for virtue ethics, you must apply the doctrine of the mean (focus on virtues and vices, not actions).
What answer does the theory give us? Why?
4) Discuss the implications of accepting this moral theory
Do you agree with the theory’s results?
Is this how we should make our moral decisions?
What problems might arise in enacting this theory? What objections can be raised against it? Can they be overcome?
5) Close out your essay with a strong conclusion, reaffirming your thesis statement without merely restating content.
Offer a strong reiteration of your key points and discuss the impact of your project
Do not introduce any new ideas or information into the conclusion
Do not end your essay in a question (i.e. “What do you think?”)
This essay is asking for you to make an argument about what a moral theory would say about a specific case – do not confuse crafting your own argument with offering a mere opinion. Arguments support the claims that they make with evidence and good reasons, mere opinions do not. You must give an argument here.

The essay should be typed, have 1-inch margins, be double spaced using 12-point font (with a normal theme – Times New Roman, Calibri, etc.), and should adhere to formal guidelines (have a title, check your grammar and sentence structure, cite sources properly using parenthetical, in-text citations, and list the full bibliographic entry on works cited page.
You should only use the course materials as citations for this essay – do not google random websites. Failing to cite your sources will result in a significant grade reduction.

New Product Market Analysis
Before a marketing strategy can be developed, a market analysis needs to be conducted. The goal of a market analysis is to determine the attractiveness of a market. A comprehensive market analysis is a cornerstone of a successful marketing campaign. It’s common to see companies that are left to the alternative of guesswork due to the lack of thorough market analysis. A new product usually requires a more sophisticated and detailed market analysis after surviving the screening stage of new product development. Market analysis can provide an analytical approach to answering some of the most difficult questions such as who your customers are and how competitive the current market is.
The analysis includes a review of the internal and external environment. The internal factors are categorized as strengths or weaknesses. The external environment includes demographic, economic, social/cultural, legal/regulatory, technology, and the natural environment. Kotler and Keller (2012) stated, “Good marketing is the art of finding, developing, and profiting from these opportunities” (p. 48).
In order to determine the attractiveness of a market, a company must gain an understanding of the opportunities and threats as they relate to that organization’s own strengths and weaknesses. The purpose of conducting a market analysis is to identify positive forces that can be used to the benefit of the company and potential problems that need to be addressed and possibly eliminated.
Assignment:
Choose a new product and follow the outline below for this week’s assignment. (Information in this assignment can be used in the final milestone project.)
Industry/Company Review
Describe the industry in which your product competes.
Provide a snapshot of the company that owns the brand.
Product Review
Describe the product that is the focus of your marketing plan.
Competitive Analysis
Identify and assess the important direct/indirect competitors for the product.
Consumer Analysis
Describe and analyze potential buyers in terms of demographics and psychographics.
Problems and Opportunities
Identify and analyze major problems and opportunities based on situation analysis and primary research.
Target Market Profile
Describe your target market for this new marketing plan and explain why this market is relevant and strong for your brand of product.
Support your paper with a minimum of three scholarly/peer-reviewed resources published in the last 5 years. In addition to these specified resources, other appropriate scholarly resources, including older articles, may be included.
Length: 3-5 pages, not including title page and references
Your presentation should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts presented in the course and provide new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA standards.
References:
1. Harmon, A. (2015). SWOT analysis. Salem Press Encyclopedia,
2. Berry, T. (2018). What is a SWOT Analysis?
3. Alderighi, S. (2018). The determinants of retail trading activity in emerging markets: A cross-market analysis. Global Finance Journal, 37, 152–167.
4. Crawford, C. M. (1980). Defining the charter for product innovation. Sloan Management Review, 22(1), 3-12.
5. Building up new product development strategy by product pricing and marketing analysis chart. (2016). 2016 International Conference on Advanced…

This week, we are going to apply the standards of ethical speaking in your own life.
Assignment Respond to one of the prompts below:
Think about your ethical standards.
Identify a specific ethical standard; perhaps share a specific story in which you showed particularly excellent ethical decision making.
Now, consider where and how your ethical behaviors have originated.
Who or what has influenced your ethics?
OR
Review the NCA Credo of Ethics
(Links to an external site.)
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Analyze and interpret this credo.
How can you use the principles in the settings you encounter regularly: at school, at work, and at home?
Review the Syllabus for discussion forum expectations.

Week 10 Reading: Page 3
ETHICS IN PUBLIC SPEAKING
The evolution of ethics is central to public speaking because it is through communication that our ideas about right and wrong or good and bad are formed.
Issues related to honesty, integrity, and morality are present in our everyday lives. We recognize the need for ethical communication when leaders make deceitful statements. For instance, we all remember President Clinton’s famous quote: “I did not have sexual relations with that woman.” We recognize a crafty speaker when we hear one. Ethics, however, aren’t just important for presidents and other public figures. Ethical concerns arise in a variety of public speaking contexts, as this chapter portrays.
The National Communication Association (NCA) suggests that communicators should be committed to following principles of ethical communication. The NCA Credo of Ethical Communication claims that “ethical communication is fundamental to responsible thinking, decision making, and the development of relationships and communities within and across contexts, cultures, channels, and media.” Ethical communication also yields positive outcomes, such as truthfulness, respect, and accuracy of information. You can see that ethics is a very important part of the communication process. Likewise, it is an important part of the public speaking process.
Unethical communication can lead to poor decision-making or a lack of respect for self and others, and threaten the well-being of individuals and society.
Ethics and Ethical Standards
Morality is the process of discerning between right and wrong. Ethics involves making decisions about right and wrong within a dilemma. For example, you might claim that stealing is morally wrong. But is stealing morally wrong when a mother steals a loaf of bread to feed her four starving children? It’s this scenario that requires an understanding of ethics. In a moral dilemma, we apply ethics to make choices about what is good or bad, right or wrong. Sometimes, ethical dilemmas are simple. Other times, they require complex choices, such as the decision to report your immediate boss for misrepresenting expenses or the decision to move your grandmother into a retirement community. These scenarios are more complex than simple choices between right and wrong. Instead, these examples are ethical dilemmas because two “right” choices are pitted against one another. It’s good to report an unethical supervisor, but it’s also good to keep your job. It’s good that your grandmother feels independent, but it’s also positive for her to receive extra assistance as her health deteriorates.
As public speakers, we make ethical choices when preparing and delivering a speech. We can easily be faced with a moral dilemma over what information to provide or how to accurately represent that information. Knowing the speaking setting, the audience, and our knowledge of the topic, we are able to confront ethical dilemmas with a strong moral compass. This process is made easier by our ethical standards. Ethical standards, or moral principles, are the set of rules we abide by that make us “good” people and help us choose right from wrong. The virtuous standards to which we adhere influence our ethical understanding. For instance, followers of Buddha believe that communication should be careful—good communication should exhibit restraint, responsibility, and kindness.
This stance informs one’s ethical standards. In fact, that the holy Dalai Lama, the Buddhist spiritual leader, believes compassion is even more essential than truth. Therefore, it is justifiable to be untruthful when the deception is part of the process of caring for another. This example illustrates how one’s belief system influences his or her ethical standards. These ethical standards are the guidelines we use to interpret rightness and wrongness in life, in relationships, and in public speaking. Speakers must consider moral standards through every step of the speech process.
Once we have identified our ethical standards, we can apply these to make sure that we are communicating ethically. Ethical communication is an exchange of responsible and trustworthy messages determined by our moral principles. Ethical communication can be enacted in written, oral, and non-verbal communication. In public speaking, we use ethical standards to determine what and how to exchange messages with our audience. As you read further in this chapter, you will begin to understand the guidelines for how ethical communication should occur in the public speaking process.
Ethical public speaking is not a one-time event. It does not just occur when you stand to give a 5-minute presentation to your classmates or co-workers. Ethical public speaking is a process. This process begins when you begin brainstorming the topic of your speech. Every time you plan to speak to an audience—whether it is at a formal speaking event or an impromptu pitch at your workplace—you have ethical responsibilities to fulfill. The two most important aspects in ethical communication include your ability to remain honest while avoiding plagiarism and to set and meet responsible speech goals.
Be Honest and Avoid Plagiarism
Credible public speakers are open and honest with their audiences. Honesty includes telling your audience why you’re speaking (thesis statement) and what you’ll address throughout your speech (preview). For instance, one example of dishonest speech is when a vacation destination offers “complimentary tours and sessions” which are really opportunities for a sales person to pitch a timeshare to unsuspecting tourists. In addition to being clear about the speech goal, honest speakers are clear with audience members when providing supporting information.
One example of dishonest public communication occurs in the music industry where many cases of illegal melody lifting exist. For example, a famous Beach Boys song titled Surfin’ USA is actually a note-for-note rendition of a 1958 Chuck Berry song. Though it may be common, the practice of not properly crediting an author for his or her work is unethical. Other examples of deceitful communication include political speeches that intentionally mislead the public. For instance, a former White House press aide, Scott McClellan, claims that President Bush misled the American people about reasons for the Iraqi war. McClellan claims that the President had manipulated sources in order to gain support for the war. Such claims can be damaging to one’s reputation. Thus, responsible public speakers must actively avoid plagiarism and remain committed to honesty and integrity at all costs.
Identify Your Sources
The first step of ethical speech preparation is to take notes as you research your speech topic. Careful notes will help you remember where you learned your information. Recalling your sources is important because it enables speaker honesty. Passing off another’s work as your own or neglecting to cite the source for your information is considered plagiarism. This unethical act can result in several consequences, ranging from a loss in credibility to academic expulsion or job loss. Even with these potential consequences, plagiarism is unfortunately common. In a national survey, 87 percent of students claimed that their peers plagiarized from the Internet at least some of the time. This statistic does not take into account whether or not the plagiarism was intentional, occurring when the writer or speaker knowingly presented information as his or her own; or unintentional, occurring when careless citing leads to information being uncredited or miscredited. However, it is important to note that being unaware of how to credit sources should not be an excuse for unintentional plagiarism. In other words, speakers are held accountable for intentional and unintentional plagiarism.
There are three distinct types of plagiarism—global, patchwork, and incremental plagiarism. Global plagiarism, the most obvious form of plagiarism, transpires when a speaker presents a speech that is not his or her own work. For example, if a student finds a speech on the Internet or borrows a former speech from a roommate and recites that speech verbatim, global plagiarism has occurred. Global plagiarism is the most obvious type of theft. However, other forms of plagiarism are less obvious but still represent dishonest public speaking.
Sometimes a student neglects to cite a source simply because she or he forgot where the idea was first learned. Many students struggle with plagiarism because they’ve reviewed multiple texts and changed wording so that ideas eventually feel like their own. Students engage in ‘patchwriting’ by copying from a source text and then deleting or changing a few words and altering the sentence structures. Patchwork plagiarism is plagiarism that occurs when one “patches” together bits and pieces from one or more sources and represents the end result as his or her own. An example of patchwork plagiarism is if you create a speech by pasting together parts of another speech or author’s work.
The third type of plagiarism is incremental plagiarism, or when most of the speech is the speaker’s original work, but quotes or other information have been used without being cited. Incremental plagiarism can occur if, for example, you provide a statistic to support your claim, but do not provide the source for that statistic. Another example would be if a student included a direct quote from former president Ronald Reagan without letting the audience know that those were Reagan’s exact words. Understanding the different types of plagiarism is the first step in ensuring that you prepare an honest speech.
Decide When to Cite
When speaking publicly you must orally cite all information that isn’t general knowledge. For example, if your speech claims that the sun is a star, you do not have to cite that information since it’s general knowledge. If your speech claims that the sun’s temperature is 15.6 million Kelvin, then you should cite that source aloud. Ethical speakers are not required to cite commonly known information (e.g., skin is the largest human organ; Barack Obama was elected President of the U.S. in 2008). However, any information that isn’t general knowledge must be orally cited during a speech. The same is true in the text of a speech outline: cite all non-general information.
Cite Sources Properly
You’ve learned the importance of citing sources. Now that you know why written and oral citations are important to the ethical process of public speaking, let’s focus on how to cite supporting speech material. Studies show that oftentimes students do not cite a source because they’re unsure of how or when to cite a reference. Studies describe some typical responses for why students do not cite sources, such as “I couldn’t remember where I learned the information,” or “I had already cited that author and didn’t want the audience to think all of my information was from some outside source.” Though these rationales are understandable, they are not ethical.
Understanding Paraphrasing and Direct Quotations
Next, it is important to understand the process for paraphrasing and directly quoting sources in order to support your speech claims. First, what is the difference between paraphrasing and directly quoting a source? If you research and learn information from a source—the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), for instance— and then share that information in your own words; you don’t use quotation marks; but you do credit the CDC as your source. This is known as a paraphrase—a sentence or string of sentences that shares learned information in your own words. A direct quote is any sentence or string of sentences that conveys an author’s idea word-for-word. According to the APA (American Psychological Association), when writing speech content, you must include quotation marks around an author’s work when you use his or her keywords, phrases, or sentences. This would be relevant for a speech outline, a handout, or a visual aid. It is also important to specify a direct quote when you are orally citing during your speech. This indicates to the audience that you are using the original author’s exact words. While it is acceptable to use the phrases “begin quote” and “end quote” to indicate this to your audience, such phrases can be distracting to the audience. One way to clearly and concisely indicate a direct quote is to take a purposeful pause right before and after the quoted material. This differentiates between your words and the source material’s words.
Written and Oral Source Citations
Written Oral
Original Text You cannot do a nonstop flight to the second half of life by reading lots of books about it, including this one. Grace must and will edge you forward. Your best defense against influenza—and its possible complications—is to receive an annual vaccination. In fact, CDC recommends that everyone 6 months and older get an annual flu vaccination.
Paraphrase for Written Speech Materials It is through the practice of showing grace that we grow and develop as individuals (Rohr, 2011). The CDC (2008) suggests that people get a vaccination at least once a year to avoid the flu.
Direct Quote for Written Speech Materials According to Rohr (2011), “Grace must and will edge you forward” (p. 2). There is something you can do to avoid the flu. The CDC states that, “Your best defense against influenza—and its possible complications—is to receive an annual vaccination” (para. 6).
Oral Citation for Paraphrase In Rohr’s 2011 book, Falling upward: A spirituality for the halves of life, he discussed how we show grace to others which allows us to grow and develop as individuals. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website (2008), people should get a preventative vaccination at least once a year to avoid the flu.
Oral Citation for Direct Quote
Rohr (2011), in his book Falling upward: A spirituality for the two halves of life, stated that [pause] “Grace must and will edge you forward” [pause]. On their website, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2008) states that, [pause] “your best defense against influenza—and its possible complications—is to receive an annual vaccination” [pause].
Accurate Citations
Ethical speakers share source information with the audience. On written materials, such as handouts or speech outlines, citations are handled much like they would be in any essay. In addition to written citations, oral citations provide source information to audience members who may not see your written speech. In all citations, enough information should be given so that the audience can easily find the source.
You may choose to briefly describe the author before citing him or her to lend credibility to your supporting information. Writing style guidebooks, such as APA or MLA, teach that a source’s credentials are not necessary in the text of your paper. We can interpret that the same is true for providing oral citations in a speech–the author’s occupation, the source website, or the journal name are not required but may be helpful verbal cues to explain the legitimacy of your chosen source.
Ethical speakers provide written, oral, and visual citations. Visual aids include posters, objects, models, PowerPoints, and handouts. Visual aids are used to enhance your speech message. Visual aids, just like speech content, must be displayed ethically for the audience. In other words, if you use a poster to display a famous quote, then you should cite the author on your poster. Similarly, you should cite sources on your PowerPoint throughout the presentation. It is not sufficient to include a “Sources” or “References” slide at the end of your PowerPoint because that does not accurately link each author to his or her work. Instead, ethical presenters provide an author reference on the slide in which the cited content is shown.
Speakers should also carefully select and correctly cite images displayed in their visual aid. Images should be relevant to the keywords used on your PowerPoint slide. In other words, captions are not necessary because the image can stand alone; images you display should obviously correlate with your speech content (a caption is typically used because the picture needs explanation). In other words, the presence of a caption typically means your image does not directly correspond with the verbal speech material. Images should support, not distract, from the verbal or visual message. Hence, there is no need for blinking, rotating, or otherwise distracting visual aids. Images should be simple and relevant. All pictures should be cited, unless the presenter uses a personal, clipart, or purchased stock image. To cite an image, simply include the credit (or web link) to that picture; note, however, the font size of the link should be reduced so that it is visible to the audience without distracting from the content in your visual aid. Seeing an image link should not be distracting to audience members.
It’s also important to understand how copyright law might affect what and how you include information in your speech and on your visual aid. The fair use provision allows for copyrighted information to be shared if it is used for educational benefits, news reporting, research, and in other situations. In its most general sense, a fair use is any copying of copyrighted material done for a limited and ‘transformative’ purpose, such as to comment upon, criticize, or parody a copyrighted work. Such uses can be done without permission from the copyright owner. In order to determine if the use of content falls under the fair use provision, there are four factors to consider:
How will this be used?
What is to be used?
How much will be used?
What effect does this have?
You can find more about these four factors at the U.S. Copyright website
(Links to an external site.)
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Ethical citing includes crediting authors in the text of your written speech materials, acknowledging authors aloud during your speech, and citing images and sources on your visual aid. However, ethics in public speaking encompass more than crediting source material. It’s also necessary to strive for responsible speech goals.
Set Responsible Speech Goals
A communicator must balance tensions between speaker rights and responsibility to others. Ensuring that you have responsible speech goals is one way to achieve ethical communication in public speaking. There are several speech goals that support this mission. This section will focus on five goals: 1) promote diversity, 2) use inclusive language, 3) avoid hate speech, 4) raise social awareness, and 5) employ respectful free speech.
Promote Diversity
One important responsibility speakers have is fostering diversity, or an appreciation for differences among individuals and groups. Diversity in public speaking is important when considering both your audience and your speech content. Promoting diversity allows audience members who may be different from the speaker to feel included and can present a perspective to which audience members had not previously been exposed. Speakers may choose a speech topic that introduces a multicultural issue to the audience or can promote diversity by choosing language and visual aids that relate to and support listeners of different backgrounds. Because of the diversity present in our lives, it is necessary to consider how speakers can promote diversity.
One simple way of promoting diversity is to use both sexes in your hypothetical examples and to include co-cultural groups when creating a hypothetical situation. For example, you can use names that represent both sexes and that also stem from different cultural backgrounds. Ethical speakers also encourage diversity in races, socioeconomic status, and other demographics. These choices promote diversity. In addition, ethical speakers can strive to break stereotypes. For instance, if you’re telling a hypothetical story about a top surgeon in the nation, why not make the specialized surgeon a female from a rural area? Or make the hypothetical secretary a man named Frank?
Inclusive Language
Avoiding sexist language is one way to use inclusive language. Another important way for speakers to develop responsible language is to use inclusionary pronouns and phrases. For example, novice speakers might tell their audience: “One way for you to get involved in the city’s Clean Community Program is to pick up trash on your street once a month.” Instead, an effective public speaker could exclaim: “One way for all of us to get involved in our local communities is by picking up trash on a regular basis.” This latter statement is an example of “we” language—pronouns and phrases that unite the speaker to the audience. “We” language (instead of “I” or “You” language) is a simple way to build a connection between the speaker, speech content, and audience. This is especially important during a persuasive speech as “we” language establishes trust, rapport, and goodwill between the speaker and the audience. Take, for example, the following listener relevance statements in a persuasive speech about volunteering:
“You” language: You may say that you’re too busy to volunteer, but I don’t agree. I’m here to tell you that you should be volunteering in your community.
“We” language: As college students, we all get busy in our daily lives and sometimes helpful acts such as volunteering aren’t priorities in our schedules. Let’s explore how we can be more active volunteers in our community.
In this exchange, the “you” language sets the speaker apart from the audience and could make listeners defensive about their time and lack of volunteering. On the other hand, the “we” language connects the speaker to the audience and lets the audience know that the speaker understands and has some ideas for how to fix the problem. This promotes a feeling of inclusiveness, one of the responsible speech goals.
Hate Speech
Another key aspect of ethical speaking is to develop an awareness of spoken words and the power of words. The NCA Credo of Ethical Communication highlights the importance of this awareness: “We condemn communication that degrades individuals and humanity through distortion, intimidation, coercion, and violence, and through the expression of intolerance and hatred.” Words can be powerful—both in helping you achieve your speech goal and in affecting your audience in significant ways. It is essential that public speakers refrain from hate or sexist language. Hate speech is the use of words and phrases not only to demean another person or group but also to express hatred and prejudice. Hate language isolates a particular person or group in a derogatory manner. Michael Richards, famous for the role of Cosmo Kramer on Seinfeld, came under fire for his hate speech during a comedy routine in 2006. Richards used several racial epithets and directed his hate language towards African-Americans and Mexicans.Richards apologized for his outbursts, but the damage to his reputation and career was irrevocable. Likewise, using hate speech in any public speaking situation can alienate your audience and take away your credibility, leading to more serious implications for your grade, your job, or other serious outcomes. It is your responsibility as the speaker to be aware of sensitive material and be able to navigate language choices to avoid offending your audience.
Social Awareness
Speakers should consider it their ethical responsibility to educate listeners by introducing ideas of racial, gender, or cultural diversity, but also by raising social awareness, or the recognition of important issues that affect societies. Raising social awareness is a task for ethical speakers because educating peers on important causes empowers others to make a positive change in the world. Many times when you present a speech, you have the opportunity to raise awareness about growing social issues. For example, if you’re asked to present an informative speech to your classmates, you could tell them about your school’s athletic tradition or you could discuss Peace One Day—a campaign that promotes a single day of worldwide cease-fire, allowing crucial food and medicine supplies to be shipped into warzone areas. If your assignment is to present a persuasive speech, you could look at the assignment as an opportunity to convince your classmates to (a) stop texting while they drive, or (b) participate in a program that supports US troops by writing personal letters to deployed soldiers and find other ways to provide basic needs to impoverished families around the world. Of course, those are just a few ideas for how an informative or persuasive speech can be used to raise awareness about current social issues. It is your responsibility, as a person and speaker, to share information that provides knowledge or activates your audience toward the common good.
One way to be successful in attaining your speech goal while also remaining ethical is to consider your audience’s moral base. A principle that allows the speaker to justify his or her perspective by finding common moral ground with the audience. This illustrates to the audience that you have goodwill but allows you to still use your moral base as a guide for responsible speech use. For example, even though you are a vegetarian and believe that killing animals for food is murder, you know that the majority of your audience does not feel the same way. Rather than focusing on this argument, you decide to focus on animal cruelty. By highlighting the inhumane ways that animals are raised for food, you appeal to the audience’s moral frame that abusing animals is wrong—something that you and your audience can both agree upon.
Respectful Free Speech
We live in a nation that values freedom of speech. Of course, due to the First Amendment, you have the right and ability to voice your opinions and values to an audience. However, that freedom of speech must be balanced with your responsibility as a speaker to respect your audience. Offending or degrading the values of your audience members will not inform or persuade them. For example, let’s say you want to give a persuasive speech on why abortion is morally wrong. It’s your right to voice that opinion. Nevertheless, it’s important that you build your case without offending your audience members— since you don’t know everyone’s history or stance on the subject. Showing disturbing pictures on your visual aid may not “make your point” in the way you intended. Instead, these pictures may send audience members into an emotional tailspin (making it difficult for them to hear your persuasive points because of their own psychological noise). Freedom of speech is a beautiful American value, but ethical speakers must learn to balance their speech freedom with their obligation to respect each audience member.

WATCH the Film entitled “Digital Nation.” Find it by Googling

Digital Nation Frontline

There is a picture of a girl on a phone and it is 1 hour 25 minutes long.

In 1.5-2 PAGES ANSWER The FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. Is Technology affecting/changing the way we think? In what ways?
2. Is it changing what it means to be human? In what ways?
3. Is it Addictive?
4. Is it changing the way people relate to each other? If so, how?
5. What are the Positive Things about Technology?
6. What are the Negative Things about Technology?
7. What will you remember most about the Film?
PUT YOUR PAPER IN THE DROPBOX. Come to our next class prepared to discuss the film.

The semester project will consist of: 1) a persuasive essay and 2) a group presentation on your persuasive essay writing process.
This assignment will be assessed using the ENGL 1301 Semester Project Rubric.
1. Persuasive Essay (80%)
You are responsible for writing a clear, convincing persuasive/argumentative essay that synthesizes sources from research to support your central claim, inspires belief or action, and persuades the audience that your stance is justified. The essay must build credibility, effectively communicate your purpose, and respond to one or more counterarguments with rebuttals.
Parameter
Word Count: 800 – 1000 words
A minimum of 2-3 scholarly or reputable research sources. Sources should be drawn primarily from the digital library catalog and databases.
Your essay must include well-developed counterargument(s) with rebuttal(s) addressing alternate viewpoint(s) to strengthen your position.
MLA format (accurate in-text citations and a complete Works Cited page)
Submission: rough draft, final draft

You have been working as the Victims’ Assistant Advocate for the office of the local county prosecutor. You have a great working relationship with the prosecutor, Mary, and the remainder of the office. Normally, when you speak, the staff and the prosecutor know that you are speaking from a knowledge base that you have gained from personal experience, research, and reading, so they know that your comments are facts. You like to use APA format to cite your sources, but this bulleted paper does not need to be in APA format.
You have decided to speak with the prosecutor, Mary, on behalf of Maureen, a college student who was a victim of date rape. You want to convince Mary to support a change in the prosecutor’s policy of not prosecuting date rape cases when drugs or alcohol are involved. Mary has a strict policy: When someone wants to speak with her about changing an established policy, she wants the person to submit a paper of 3–5 pages containing topic bullets that outline his or her argument for the policy change prior to meeting her. This way she feels that she is not blind-sided, and that she has an opportunity to research the topic prior to the meeting.
You follow her policy and write a paper using bullets only, hoping that you can persuade Mary and the chief prosecutor to change their policy or, at a minimum, meet with you for a discussion about changing the policy. Maureen knows that other young women are being attacked and that, very often, date rape drugs are being used.
Mary has agreed to review your policy change letter if you write it. You write the policy change paper in which you have the following goals:
Educate Mary about date rape using statistics and information about date rape and date rape drugs to show her that Maureen is one of the types of victims who perpetrators take advantage of in these situations.
Explain why not prosecuting the cases is the wrong public and social policy. (You are also hopeful that the victim, Maureen, also receives help in her case.)
To organize your efforts before your meeting, create a detailed outline where appropriate that contains information for the following 5 topics in 3-5 pages:
List crime statistics reported by Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) relating to rape and the strengths and weaknesses of each type of reporting.
Define the term date rape (or acquaintance rape; the terms are interchangeable) and how date rape is distinguished from stranger rape, statutory rape, and spousal rape.
List the types and uses of date rape drugs.
Describe the victim–offender relationship, including the following:
How victims are viewed by perpetrators of date rape
The special problems of date rape prosecutions
How society and jurors may view date rape (e.g., blaming the victim based on the perceived precipitation, facilitation, or provocation of the victim)
What is your position on this issue, and what action do you think would impact this social policy?

Brand Name or Trade Name
Chemical AND Generic Name
Drugs’ Medicinal Usage
All Forms and Sources of the drug
All Routes of Administration including any and all Delivery Devices used to administer this medication.
Pharmacokinetics
Indications AND Contraindications (including recommended use during pregnancy)
Purpose AND Intended Outcomes