Best Writer

In this final unit, we have been working on issues related to morality, ethics,
and economy. Center these ideas and class discussions as you prepare for Formal
Essay 4. Write a full 5-6 page essay (at minimum) where you fully answer the
question of your choice; keep in mind that your essay should propose a thesis,
be framed with topic sentences, and offer analysis and textual support from
both texts in each body paragraph. Remember that it should be well-organized
and grammatically correct.

In this final unit, a central theme is consumption. It may be argued that this
consumption is related to supply and demand, (of familiar products, of ideal
egg donors, of human labor, of animal products). In a text pairing of your
choice, craft and defend an argument about how supply and demand intersect
with morality. To help jumpstart your thinking, consider how a text about _____
offers insight to a text about an entirely different topic. Think about how
the topics intersect around the central issue of supply and demand and
morality.
articles used
Schlosser “The Most Dangerous Job”
Pollan “An Animal’s Place”

Women in Science

What, if anything, is wrong with James Watson’s representation of Rosalind

Franklin’s work on the discovery of the structure of DNA? How much does

Watson’s account of Franklin reflect the values of the 1950s? Does such a negative

portrayal of women in science affect the number of women entering science as a

profession? Does that matter? Has the controversy done too much too obscure

Franklin’s scientific achievements? How should we represent Franklin in the history

of science?

Sources: Watson,
Double Helix,
Anne Sayre,
Rosalind Franklin and DNA
(New

York: Norton & Co., 1975). Bowler and Morus ch. 21 “science and gender.” Creager

and Morgan, “After the Double Helix.”

According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), about 38 million Americans still smoke. Cigarette smoking was especially high among males between 25-64 years old. Since 1964, a warning on the side of each pack of cigarettes has informed the public that smoking is bad for human health and may cause cancer or contribute to other diseases. Still, 480,000 Americans will die of smoking this year (CDC 2020). This figure is shockingly high, exceeding the total number of wartime deaths suffered by 405,399 U.S. military in WW II (Green, 2017). For each smoker who dies, 30 more continue to live with a smoke-related disease. Yet, 15.5% of Americans 18 and younger pick up the habit. The CDC estimates that cigarette and smokeless tobacco industries spent over $9 billion on advertising and promotional expenses in the US in 2018 (CDC 2018).
The question is, how do company advertisements get us to do things most of us agree are bad for our health? More directly to this assignment, how do companies use statistics in misleading ways to convince us to buy their product?
Sources:
Center for Disease Control. (2020). Smoking and Tobacco Use. (Links to an external site.)
Center for Disease Control. (2018). Smoking is Down, but Almost 38 Million Americans Still Smoke. (Links to an external site.)
Green, M. (2017). How Many Soldiers Died in Each War? (KQED)

Let’s have some fun! Locate an advertisement in print media, social media, or the internet that uses statistical data. Carefully read the ad and then respond to the following in a paper.
What is the ad trying to say?
What statistical data are misrepresented or exaggerated?
What are the undesirable consequences to the consumer?
What is an ethical solution that considers the welfare of the stakeholders?
Your paper should be two double-spaced pages. Use current APA formatting to cite your sources.

Hypothesis Testing Assignment Overview
This assignment is designed to increase your statistical literacy and proficiency in forming hypotheses and interpreting the outcomes of hypothesis tests. Testing hypotheses is central to understanding and performing research in the behavioral sciences, including psychology, social work, and counseling.
• This assignment includes two problem sets that contain research scenarios and related questions.
• Answer each question in the “ANSWER” space below the question.
• This assignment is worth 60 points.
Please review the Watch: Key Concept: Hypothesis Testing and Statistical Significance presentation in this module’s Learn section before you complete this assignment. The scenarios begin on the next page.
Research Question 1:
Is Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) more effective in treating PTSD than Prolonged Exposure therapy (PE)?
1. Does this question represent a correlational or experimental research design? Why?
ANSWER: (4 pts)
2. Which of the two models you learned about in the presentation would state that there is nothing interesting going on between CPT and PE in treating PTSD?
ANSWER: (4 pts)
3. State the alternative hypothesis for this study.
ANSWER: (4 pts)
4. State the null hypothesis for this study
ANSWER: (4 pts)
5. Are your hypotheses directional or non-directional? How do you know this?
ANSWER: (4 pts)
6. Suppose you run the study, and the results come out with a p value of .23. What can you conclude about the difference between the treatments?
ANSWER: (5 pts)
7. In this case, would you decide to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis? Why?
ANSWER: (5 pts)
Research Question 2:
Is there a relationship between scores on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) in a sample of 350 fourth-grade students?
1. Does this question represent a correlational or experimental research design? Why?
ANSWER: (4 pts)
2. Which of the two models you learned about in the presentation would state that there is some kind of relationship between the scores on the CBCL and ECBI?
ANSWER: (4 pts)
3. State the alternative hypothesis for this study.
ANSWER: (4 pts)
4. State the null hypothesis for this study
ANSWER: (4 pts)
5. Are your hypotheses directional or non-directional? How do you know this?
ANSWER: (4 pts)
6. Suppose you run the study, and the results come out with a p value of .001. What can you conclude about the relationship between the scores on these two measures?
ANSWER: (5 pts)
7. In this case, would you decide to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis? Why?
ANSWER: (5 pts)
Page 2 of 2

Rights and ethics are often flipsides of the same coin. If individual rights in healthcare are derived from one or more ethical principles, they help to achieve an acceptable outcome for the patient and the healthcare system. Because individuals’ rights and access to healthcare influence the decision making related to policies and laws, it is essential to understand and address them. Similarly, it is equally important to understand and incorporate ethical practices in healthcare, because these practices impact stakeholders in healthcare.

In this discussion, you will compare and contrast the healthcare rights and needs of individuals with the rights and needs of public health systems, as well as explain the impact of ethics and the need to understand an individual’s right and access to healthcare when making health policy decisions. This discussion will also help to prepare you to complete Project Two.

In your initial post, share your perspective on the following prompts. Use either a utilitarian or a deontological ethical framework to support your perspective:

Describe whether you believe healthcare is a right or a privilege.
Describe how your view addresses the rights and needs of individuals versus the rights and needs of public health systems.
Describe the need to understand individuals’ rights and access in health policy decisions.
Describe how your chosen ethical model impacts stakeholders’ influence on health policy decisions.

John goes to a bar. Harry starts to talk to him about a car he has for sale. John tells him he wishes he could buy the car but does not have that much cash. Harry tells John he can make payments over the next year. Harry writes on a napkin John shall pay me $100.00 per month for 12 months starting December 1, 2018. They both sign and date the napkin.
Discuss whether this is a negotiable instrument. Defend your position. Ensure you discuss each element of negotiability.
Assignment Requirements:
Content (Maximum 25 points): This is where I look for an understanding of the concepts. your writing needs to show me that you understand the concepts by using supporting details. Your paper should be a minimum of one full page double spaced 12 point font (Times New Roman or New courier font style is strongly encouraged). Your paper should have an introductory paragraph, at least one analytical paragraph, and a conclusion paragraph.

Style (Maximum 10 points): This is where I look at grammar, spelling, sentence structure and punctuation. The proper writing style is the most important skill you need to master in any field.

References (Maximum 10 points): APA is required. You must have a reference section written in APA format which correlates to your in-text citations. I found many students put in the reference section but fail to use in-text citations. Please review The OWL at Purdue: APA Formatting and Style Guide for APA citations.
OWL Perdue’s guides are also located in the Writing Citations course menu on the left-hand side.

Describe Galileo’s mathematical-experimental method. Explain how he used it to formulate a new theory of motion and how this theory contributed to the acceptance of Copernican heliocentric theory. In particular, explain how Galileo’s theory disposes of the Aristotelian objections to the hypothesis of a moving Earth based on observations of free-falling objects. What role does relativity of motion play in Galileo’s analysis? Use Galileo’s discussion in his “Dialogue Concerning Two Chief World Systems” to support your answers.

Don’t attempt to write the paper without first working through the relevant materials. These are the posted lectures, the assigned readings and related items posted under Content. Of the latter, the most directly relevant are Ch 5 of the Birth of a New Physics and the previously assigned portion of Thus Spoke Galileo (pp. 1-115). You may also find it useful, if you have time, to read documents I, II, V, VI and IX in Finocchiaro, The Galileo Affair. The reference in the paper topic to Galileo’s Dialogue, is to the various translated passages in Thus Spoke Galileo and the Excerpts from Galileo posted under Content — I don’t expect you to read the Dialogue separately.

Bear in mind this is a complex argument in which Galileo seeks to make a scientific case for the physical consistency of the hypothesis of a moving Earth. There are several elements to it — experimental, theoretical, philosophical, this last having to do with the very idea what it is to establish something as scientifically true. Your job is to explain these elements and show how they all fit together to produce an argument that Galileo thinks should rationally persuade someone that Copernicus may well be right about Earth’s motion even though that seems to go against common sense and evidence from experience epitomized in the argument from free fall. You may include as much detail as you think is essential to the argument.

SPSS Homework: One-Sample t Test and Cumulative Questions
Assignment Overview
This assignment is designed to increase your statistical literacy and proficiency in conducting and interpreting the one-sample t test, as well as to assess your cumulative knowledge of SPSS work in the course. You will be completing two one-sample t tests in SPSS, using data that are related to specific research scenarios in the behavioral sciences, such as psychology, social work, and counseling. You will also be completing two more problem sets that assess SPSS procedures learned in previous modules. Behind the scenes knowledge of how the one-sample t test is conducted is fundamental to being able to understand and apply research in your related field to your practice. Additionally, SPSS skills are professionally valuable, as it is one of the most commonly used statistical software packages in behavioral science settings, both academic and professional.
• This assignment includes five problem sets that contain research scenarios and related questions: two for the one-sample t test, and three cumulative problem sets.
• For each scenario, you will run an analysis in SPSS. The required product for the one-sample t test will include the SPSS output, an APA-style Results section describing the results, and the appropriate graph inserted as a Figure in APA style.
• For the cumulative problem sets, paste your SPSS output directly into the homework underneath each relevant question. Type written answers into the document underneath the question to which they relate.
• For all t test problems, interpret results based on an alpha level of a = .05.
• This assignment is worth 100 points.
Please review the Watch: SPSS Homework Tutorial: The One-sample t Test under the Learn section in this module for directions on how to run the statistical test, as well as the Watch: Results Sections for the One-sample t Test in APA Style, which includes a template for completing the APA-style Results sections for the independent-samples t test. Review previous module presentations and homework feedback for the cumulative problems. The scenarios begin on the next page.
Problem Sets 1 and 2: The One-sample t test
Problem Set 1: Research Scenario: Do toddlers at a new preschool program exhibit different levels of attachment than the general population of toddlers? A developmental psychologist is studying attachment in a sample of 10 toddlers in a local preschool. She uses a measure on which higher scores indicate more secure attachments to caregivers, and the data are given in the table below. The population mean on this measure is 24.5. Using the data in the table, set up your data file in SPSS and conduct a one-sample t test to determine whether this sample has a different level of attachment to caregivers than the general population. Create a histogram to display the distribution of the sample’s attachment scores.
Attachment Security
12.5
23
32
24.5
19.5
17
13.5
23
27.5
32
1. Paste SPSS output of the t test here: (7 pts)
2. Write an APA-style Results section based on your analysis. Include your histogram as an APA-style figure as demonstrated in the APA writing presentation. (Results = 8 pts; Graph = 5 pts)
Problem Set 2: Research Scenario: Do adults at risk of Alzheimer’s disease score lower than the general population of adults on a measure of cognitive functioning? A neuropsychologist assesses the cognitive functioning of 17 adults who are at-risk for Alzheimer’s disease using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Higher scores indicate better cognitive functioning. The mean in the general population of healthy adults is 27.5. Using the data in the table below, set up your data file in SPSS and conduct a one-sample t test to determine whether this sample has lower MMSE scores than the general population. Create a histogram to display the distribution of the sample’s MMSE scores.
MMSE Scores
26
24
29
22
23
24
19
28
28
24
29
28
27
25
30
29
26
1. Paste SPSS output of the t test here: (7 pts)
2. Write an APA-style Results section based on your analysis. Include your histogram as an APA-style figure as demonstrated in the APA writing presentation. (Results = 8 pts; Graph = 5 pts)
Problem Sets 3-5: Cumulative
Problem Set 3: The IQ scores of 16 children in a fourth-grade classroom are displayed in the table below. The population mean for IQ scores is 100 ( = 100), while the population standard deviation is 15 (= 15).
IQ Score
116
77
110
96
121
99
86
144
101
89
83
96
110
129
78
83
1. Using the data in the table above, set up a data file in SPSS and create a table of descriptive statistics using the “Explore” command. Paste the table here: (5 pts)
2. Using the same data, create a histogram showing the distribution of IQ scores in the sample. Paste the histogram here: (5 pts)
3. Which measure of central tendency would you use to describe this data set? Support your answer with information from the presentations and/or reading this week. (5 pts)
4. Locate the outlier in the data set. Would you recommend this student for special education or for advanced classes? Why or why not? (5 pts)
Problem Set 4: An undergraduate Psychology student wants to examine the number of applications to doctoral programs in different subfields of Psychology. He collects data from a sample of schools in the US. He compiles the chart below. (The data here are based on real data taken from the web site of the American Psychological Association (https://www.apa.org/education/grad/survey-data/2016-report.pdf).
Enter the data in a new SPSS file. When creating the Program variable, be sure that the type is set to “String” in the Variable View so that the names will show up on the graph.
Subfield
Number of Applications
Clinical
Cognitive
Counseling
Developmental
Experimental
I/O
Neuropsychology
School
Social
Other
246
113
81
103
73
54
86
66
101
46
1. Using the data in the table above, set up a data file in SPSS and create a bar chart that shows the number of applications for each subfield. Paste the bar chart here: (5 pts)
2. What level of measurement is the variable “Number of Applications”? (5 pts)
3. What level of measurement is the variable “Subfield”? (5 pts)
Problem Set 5: The Childhood Autism Rating Scale, 2nd Ed. Standard Test (CARS2-ST) (Schopler et al., 2010) is an instrument used to assess whether very young children exhibit symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Fifteen items are assessed by a professional clinician. The scores can range from 15-60 (whole numbers only), and scores at 30 or above indicate that further assessment for ASD is warranted. A developmental psychologist completes the CARS2-ST for a sample of toddlers at a local day care. The results appear in the table below. They are entered as 2 columns here to save space (i.e., enter them in 1 column in your SPSS file).
CARS2-ST Scores
15
15
17
15
19
15
24
16
19
16
16
23
20
39
15
15
1. Using the data in the table above, set up a data file in SPSS and create a frequency table to show the frequency of each score on the CARS2-ST. Paste the frequency table here: (5 pts)
2. What percent of children have a CARS2-ST score of 15? (5 pts)
3. What is the frequency of children who have a CARS2-ST score of 19? (5 pts)
4. Using the same data, create a histogram in SPSS to show the distribution of the CARS2-ST data. Paste the histogram here: (5 pts)
5. Based on the scores obtained and the information in the scenario, should the developmental psychologist recommend any children in the sample for further assessment for ASD? If so, which one and why? (5 pts)
Page 2 of 2

While many Americans profess to embrace a singular (and often simple) value or belief system, in reality
American culture is extremely complex, better described as plural and shifting rather than singular and
stationary. One could persuasively argue that contradictions, ambiguities, and paradoxes characterize much
of American culture. In fact, such contradictions and dichotomies permeate our culture. If we’re so truly
concerned about drug use, why are we bombarded daily by ads for Zoloft, Paxil, Lipitor, Valtrex, Zyban,
Lexapro, and countless others (not to mention alcohol)? How come we are becoming more and more
obese even as we spend more and more money on diet aids and exercise equipment? If finding your “one
true soulmate” is so important to happiness, how come research findings consistently show that most men
choose their mate according to looks and most women generally according to wealth? How is it that so
many people whose parents, grandparents, great-grandparents, and so on immigrated to America once upon
a time now so vehemently hate and oppose “illegal aliens”?
Task: You will identify and investigate one of the many contradictions that inform and influence life in the
United States. Choose a contradiction that interests you. Why do you think it exists? How do Americans
deal with the contradiction…or do they? Put another way, what are its consequences? Know that you
should not simply choose a “side” and then argue for or against that side of the contradiction. That’s not the
point here. Think of yourself as a researcher/scholar/scientist—an informed intellectual—and not simply
as just (another) person with an opinion. We want to examine how (and why) contradictions exist within
the fabric of American culture.
To encourage steady progress (and discourage last-minute work) on Project #3, several workshops, drafts,
and due dates have been worked into the forthcoming weeks of class. Please pay careful attention to all
requirements.
Research and Documentation: For Project #3, you will be required to find, evaluate, and use three-five
credible sources. Be sure to evaluate and consider the credibility, accuracy, timeliness, and support for
each source you interact with before you choose to use it towards your research. We will review MLA
documentation in class.
**I’m trying to schedule in-class research days in an on-campus computer lab…stay tuned for more details.
Audience: For each sub-assignment, your audience will be familiar to you (your peers and your instructor);
consider your audience members to be interested in learning more about your topic and open-minded about
perspectives different from theirs. As such, your topic and perspective should be well-researched and
written carefully. We will expect you to follow the forms and conventions of academic research and writing.
We’ll expect strict attention to matters of formatting, as well.

See the “Ethics Final Paper Instructions Spring 22” attachment for instructions for writing this paper. I’d recommend answering the first prompt, which is “Is the fetus a person? Does it ultimately matter for the purposes of determining whether abortion is morally permissible or not?” If you find the second question found in the final paper instructions document easier, however, feel free to use that prompt. Try to use the three attached works as references if possible, but outside sources are allowed if needed.