chris

In his article, which is part of his book, Clint Smith tries to analyze why neighborhoods have monuments, schools, cemeteries and institutions that are named after people who were the cause of slavery. He tries to raise the question what were the implications of the statues on the black people who had to pass through them when going to school, shopping and church. Some of their schools are even named after the people who owned hundreds of enslaved people (Smith, 2020). The pain it caused them was immeasurable seeing people who caused their ancestors suffering being praised. He also focuses on how history has been interpreted by everyone to suit their needs. Throughout the article, Smith shows how different people in historical sites had crafted history that tried to justify slavery. Some of them are guides on the sites, meaning they are giving out the wrong information to very many people.

Smith also focuses on the civil war and its relation to slavery. He questions how only the white soldiers who died in the war are commemorated while the black soldiers are crowded in a more miniature graveyard. He attends a memorial held to honor white soldiers where a speaker calls the black people fighting for bringing down of monuments of great enslavers the “American ISIS” (Smith, 2020). He is greatly shocked by this because he knows that the attempts were by some of his friends and their aim was to stop the praises of people who enslaved their ancestors. He recalls a tour guide telling him that some white people who visited the ancient chapel felt like some enslavers who gave their enslavers food and treated them well were good people. However, the informed guide argues that the act of having a person working for you by force, whether with kindness or animosity, is equally wrong. 

In conclusion, Smith’s article focuses on the continued racism years after the civil war. He also focuses on the history that is unfair to black veterans and how some white federalists try to fabricate history not to depict their ancestors as monsters. He insists on the need for history to be retold with utmost honesty without using it for defending themselves.

Reference

Smith, C. (2020). Counting descent. SCB Distributors.

TJ is a 15-year-old black kid of Caribbean descent. They moved and lived with his father, a single dad when he was eight years old when his mother passed away—a parent with a busy schedule and little free time to keep an eye on their kids. The patient has a terrible track record with education and is at risk of failing out of high school. ABC Leadership created a mentorship program called RISE (Re-Integrating Kids into Education) to help at-risk adolescents get back on track academically and eventually graduate from high school. Students on the edge of dropping out of high school are RISE’s focus. Through this program, Mentors in social work, counseling, and other caring professions are placed in New York City schools (Mitteer, Greer, Fisher & Cohrs, 2018). These individuals provide kids with knowledge and abilities to overcome obstacles, allowing them to become more engaged in school life and eventually return to regular classes. TJ was placed in the RISE program after accumulating 18 days of tardiness and eight days of absences since the current school year. The school’s associate dean of guidance and counseling recommended that he join the program.

Target Problem and Goal 

This research aims to evaluate whether TJ’s absenteeism may decrease by engaging in the RISE program while he still receives assistance. If this is possible, then the study will be considered successful. Throughout the whole of the intervention, talk therapy and solution-focused therapy will be used. Because it provides a variety of critical notes and thorough descriptions after communications that are delivered, this treatment is crucial for the patient. The patient’s ideas may be brought together with the help of feedback since the information provided and received can be utilized in the same way (Di Noia & Tripodi, 2008). Solution-focused brief therapy, often known as SFBT, is a strength-based kind of psychotherapy that focuses on constructing solutions rather than resolving problems. In contrast to other types of psychotherapy, which concentrate on current issues and their historical roots, solution-focused behavioral therapy (SFBT) focuses on how your current circumstances and future aspirations affect you.

One method that may be included under the heading of constructive treatments is solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT). The theory of constructivism holds that individuals can give meaning to experiences and, in the end, are the architects of their reality. The SFBT therapist thinks it is impossible to avoid change in one’s life (Walden & Feliciano, 2022). The fact that an individual is the creator of their reality means they can improve themselves (Kazi, 2019). The therapist’s role in SFBT is that of an experienced dialogue facilitator. They do not put themselves as experts but come from a position of “not knowing” about the subject at hand. The therapist uses a wide range of approaches and inquiries, drawing on the client’s knowledge of themselves and their situation, in order to uncover the client’s capabilities, resources, and goals (Mitteer, Greer, Fisher & Cohrs, 2018). After the conversation with a client shifts to concentrate on the aspects of the client’s life that are going well and on how things will seem when they have been improved, there is more opportunity for the answers to appear.

Intervention Plan 

This research aims to examine whether TJ’s involvement in the RISE program while receiving financial help influences his absence. If this is possible, then the study was worthwhile. During the session, both talk therapy and solution-focused treatment will be employed. This treatment is critical for the patient since it provides various crucial notes and extensive explanations following messages. Because the patient may utilize both the information given and received, feedback may assist in bringing the patient’s ideas into harmony (Gómez-Pérez et al., 2020). Solution-focused brief treatment is short psychotherapy that focuses on growing strengths rather than addressing problems (SFBT). Solution-focused behavioral therapy (SFBT) is distinct from other types of psychotherapy in that it focuses on the present and future.

Solution-focused brief therapy is one example of a positive treatment (SFBT). Constructivists think that by attributing value to their experiences, individuals build their worlds. The SFBT therapist thinks that no one can remain in a condition of stasis indefinitely. Because each individual is the architect of their own experience, they have the ability to grow individually (Kazdin, 2021). In SFBT, the therapist serves as a skilled dialogue facilitator. They do not pretend to be experts but rather confess to “not knowing” much about the subject at hand. The therapist may use a variety of strategies and inquiries that depend on the client’s current awareness of themselves and their circumstances to assist the client in discovering their strengths, resources, and ambitions (Di Noia & Tripodi, 2008). The answers are more likely to surface once the conversation with a client shifts to focusing on the aspects of the client’s life that are going well and how things will appear after they have been improved.

Measurement

Self-anchored rating scale (measure school refusal with the intervention of Talk Therapy and Solution Focused Therapy)- SCALE I MADE: SSRD Self-Anchored Scale

PG 54 in TXB assesses the extent of the client’s problem, the extent to which the client can refuse a request to do something that he/she does not want to do, useful for gathering information unique to the client’s problems, needs, and resources

Five-point scale

1- unable to refuse

2- Say “yes”

3- Difficulty refusing

4- Consider request before responding but say “yes” anyway

5- able to refuse

Ordinal level

Self-anchored rating scales are unique to the client and allow the clinician and client to discuss the client’s depression (problem) in terms defined by the client

TXB PG 60

SSRD Self Anchored Rating Scale

Figure 1. Title and question 1 (Source: Google, 2022)

SSRD Self Anchored Rating Scale

Figure 2. Question 2 and question 3 (Source: Google, 2022)

SSRD Self Anchored Rating Scale

Figure 3. Question 4 and question 5 (Source: Google, 2022)

A number of different processes or measuring scales need to be considered while doing research in the social sciences, as proposed by Stevens’ (1946) methodological approach (Epstein et al., 2021). Different types of scales of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales) exist because the theory of measuring things takes into account different ways to assign numbers to the things being measured. Each scale of measurement has its own set of unique mathematical properties and relies on specific statistical methods.

Because of the critical difference between continuous and discrete features, Marradi (1981) calls for a reconsideration of the scaling approaches utilized in social research. In example, Marradi (1981) argues that Stevens’ theory of scales is flawed because it overly generalizes the concept of “measuring” to include only numerical counts and/or hierarchical arrangements of the qualities being studied (Cabanas, Grant & Moret, n.d.). The Author is advocating for a new definition of measuring in this context. He argues that, unlike in the scientific sciences, where units of measurement are determined a priori and independently of the topic, social science objects with continuous properties lack such units.

Therefore, much as quantifiable continuous properties, many qualities pertinent to the social sciences may be thought of as continuous including psychic properties, beliefs, attitudes, or values (authoritarianism, social cohesiveness, familism). They differ from ordinal variables in that there is no standard unit of measurement; this necessitates the use of scaling techniques, which can lead either to variables that cannot be treated as cardinals or to variables that are treated as cardinals, depending on how the properties of measures are conceived (Cabanas, Grant & Moret, n.d.). Here, it is examined and contrasted regarding two different scaling methods for measuring ordinal and cardinal variables: the Likert scale, widely used to gauge respondents’ opinions, and the self-anchoring scale proposed by Cantril in 1965.

Research Design 

The design of the research entailed the use of questionnaires, which the participants in the study were required to fill out and return with responses to several questions about the same topic. It is common practice in the field of research to collect data via the use of questionnaires since they are a quick, reliable, and cost-effective technique of amassing a substantial quantity of data from a large sample population (Talbott & De Los Reyes, 2022). These instruments are very efficient when it comes to assessing the behavior, preferences, intentions, attitudes, and views of the subject. In spite of the fact that it has been established that research on absenteeism is important, the prior studies that were conducted lacked clear and consistent assessment of school absenteeism, which makes it difficult to draw a conclusion from research that was done in the past (Gottfried, 2009). As a result of the fact that the terms “school absenteeism” and “truancy” are sometimes used interchangeably to denote the same thing, it is difficult to define. An additional factor that contributes to operations being more difficult is the fact that absence is defined differently in each state.

References 

Cabanas, J., Grant, K., & Moret, H. (n.d.). SSRD Self-Anchored Scale. Google. Retrieved October 1, 2022, from https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfbEHp_fqqaUlwyjOho1- vdCDl7LHRedjTqSUP8ZhIxdQHA5g/viewform

Di Noia, J., & Tripodi, T. (2008). Single-Case Design for Clinical Social Workers (Second Edition). NASW Press.

Epstein, L. H., Bickel, W. K., Czajkowski, S. M., Paluch, R. A., Moeyaert, M., & Davidson, K. W. (2021). Single case designs for early phase behavioral translational research in health psychology. Health Psychology. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/hea0001055

Gottfried, M. A. (2009). Excused versus unexcused: How student absences in elementary school affect academic achievement. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 31(4), 392–415. doi: 10.3102/0162373709342467

Gómez-Pérez, M. C., García-Palacios, A., Castilla, D., Zaragozá, I., & Suso-Ribera, C. (2020). Brief acceptance and commitment therapy for fibromyalgia: Feasibility and effectiveness of a replicated single-case design. Pain Research and Management, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7897268

Kazdin, A. E. (2021). Single‐case experimental designs: Characteristics, changes, and challenges. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 115(1), 56-85. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.638

Kazi, M. A. (2019). Single-case evaluation by social workers. Routledge.

Mitteer, D. R., Greer, B. D., Fisher, W. W., & Cohrs, V. L. (2018). Teaching behavior technicians to create publication‐quality, single‐case design graphs in GraphPad prism 7. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 51(4), 998-1010. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.483

Talbott, E., & De Los Reyes, A. (2022). Making Sense of Multiple Data Sources: Using Single-Case Design Research for Behavioral Decision-Making. In Handbook of Special Education Research, Volume I (pp. 231-244). Routledge.

Walden, A., & Feliciano, L. (2022). A virtual reality intervention to reduce dementia- related agitation using single-case design. Clinical Gerontologist, 45(4), 1044- 1054. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2021.1954121

Appendix

Extra Credit:SSRD Analysis

Part 1 In the table below, our data describe a CBT protocol in which a clinician/researcher is attempting to assist a client who is having difficulty going to class on time. The data takes the form of the client going to her classes or not going to her classes. This is the nominal level of measurement and so we will analyze it with the chi-square test. Go to this chi-square calculator and input the names for the categories as A phase and B phase. Then input “Went to class” and “Skipped class” for the groups. Then click “next” and enter the data for each of the four boxes. Then click “next” and select p=.05 and click again to calculate the chi-square. The chi-square calculator will yield the chi-square score and an associated p-value. If the p value is .05 or less, we say that we have achieved statistical significance. In our example of going to class, what is the p value that is associated with this calculation? Is the hypothesis that the treatment worked supported or refuted?  Part 2 Use the same protocol from Part 1 above and compute the chi-square for the data set above, but use this chi-square calculator with Fisher’s Exact Test because it can handle values of zero. Fill out the four boxes for “X and Y” (0, 6 on the first line and 6, 0 on the second line). The calculator will fill in the rest for you. What are the “Fisher Exact” findings from the calculation, and is the hypothesis that the treatment worked supported or refuted? Part 3 Compute the Wilcoxon signed rank test for the data set above at the p>.05 level of significance, one-tailed. Use the A phase data for “treatment 1” and the B phase data for “treatment 2”. What are the findings from “Result 1?” Is the hypothesis that the treatment worked supported or refuted? Part 4 Compute the Paired Samples t-test for the data set above at the p>.05 level of significance, one-tailed. Use the A phase data for “treatment 1” and the B phase data for “treatment 2”. What are the findings from the calculation, Is the hypothesis that the treatment worked supported or refuted?

Implementation of Diabetes Risk Screen 

Benchmarks emerge if a person is able to collect meaningful information, finalize it and present the outcome, and know the required standards available to meet certain goals. The comparative data in a healthcare aims at availing essential data to the patients, payers, referral sources and agencies about the results of the care availed, and the cost to meet the objectives (Storer et al., 2010). Below is a summary of the report. 

Discuss the importance of a benchmark in relation to evaluating and presenting project outcomes for the implementation of diabetes risk screen tool

Benchmark assists a person evaluate a tool in different levels. From different assessments, one is able to identify the best tool and approach to apply for better outcome. Benchmarks seek at finding better operating tools and practices within an environment, where change’s pace tends to be rapid that no entity is able to dominate or control every effectual events and good concepts (Storer et al., 2010). From the processes, one will be able to identify different ideas and learn other approaches that will be impactful in evaluating and presenting project results for the implementation of diabetes risk screen tool. 

Identify appropriate benchmarks that could be used to evaluate the outcomes of your study

Internal

Internal benchmarks involves focusing within the entity to determine departments, areas or functions, which may be executing related events as well as outlining the procedures needed. In this case, I will get the chance to concentrate on the discrete operating systems and work processes within the healthcare, including medical record flow, strategic planning and care delivery. 

External

External benchmarks involves relating inner practices with the ones in other entities. It enables one to assess his competitive position by product comparison, as it concentrates on client satisfaction and other denominator, which is measured within entities. 

Why did you select those benchmarks? Are the benchmarks realistic? Mathematical plausible?

I selected internal and external benchmarks since they aim at best practices, as they are critical to effectual superior and reliable execution of an entity. They identify and guide on the major areas to focus within the healthcare including strategic planning. The benchmarks are realistic because they give a chance for comparison (Storer et al., 2010). Both internal and external benchmarks are mathematical plausible since they aim at problem solving and psychological understanding factors. 

Reference

Storer, D. et al. (2010). Nursing-Sensitive Benchmarks for Hospitals to Gauge High-Reliability 

Performance. Journal for Healthcare Quality, 32(6), 9–17.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › …

Executive Summary

The topic of low-value care is of great importance in today’s healthcare system based on the recent quest to provide quality and affordable care services. Recent data indicated that low-value care leads to increased administrative and medical care in the healthcare system. According to Gawande (2015), the expenditure on low-value care in the U.S. low-value care exceeds the budget placed for k-12 education. Noticeably, Verkerk et al. (2018) indicated that in 2011 the U.S. government spent approximately $ 389 billion on low-value care. The increased providence of unnecessary care services in the healthcare system leads to a wastage of resources leading to increased care costs. In addition, the victims of low-value care are exposed to the risk of physical, mental, and psychological harm. This is evident through research carried out by (Gawande, 2015) on eight patients. According to the study, seven out of the eight patients had received unnecessary care unrelated to what they were going through or related but could not make them feel better. These results aligned with another study carried out by researchers for one year; their study indicated that 25% to 42% of Medicare patients had received one of the twenty-six useless tests and treatments within that year.

A Summary of the Area(s) Pertinent Course

The three pertinent areas identified are the input facets of healthcare, the output facets of healthcare, and the pressure to reduce healthcare costs. The relationship between healthcare inputs and outputs is one of the most crucial areas presented by the case. According to the case, healthcare inputs involve the salary of healthcare providers and the number of care providers (Gawande, 2015). In contrast, the outputs involve the number of patients attended and the number of surgeries and tests performed. Noticeably, the healthcare inputs and outputs greatly influence the cost; when the inputs are less than the outputs, the inputs and the cost are affected. Patients tend to pay more when the healthcare providers are paid less, affecting healthcare costs and affordability of healthcare services. This is evident in the case of McAllen, where the healthcare providers were paid less, and therefore they used other means to gain more money affecting the type of services given to patients and the total healthcare cost. However, when the inputs are increased, the outputs are reduced due to increased quality, and the cost of care is reduced, increasing affordability. 

Overkill an Avalanche of Unnecessary Medical Care

The definition of Low-Value Care

Low-value care is defined as the care intervention with limited or no benefits to patients, and it is in most cases associated with increased risks and medical costs. In most cases, the victims of low-value care are given treatments and procedures that are unrelated to their conditions or are related but cannot help them. In addition, the victims are exposed to tests and scans that are of no benefit to their medical conditions. These tests may involve CT or MRI scans on low-back pains, yet such procedures are not beneficial in the treatment process. Consequently, low-value care is highly linked with the problem of increased medical costs in the U.S. healthcare system. Gawande (2015) indicated that approximately seven hundred and fifty billion dollars in the U.S. are spent on low-value care. In low-value care, patients are required to receive unnecessary healthcare services and pay for them. In addition, the patients are given treatments and operations that cannot help them, increasing them to a greater risk of harm. 

Why Patients Are Exposed to Low-Value Care

The issue of low-value care is associated with the need to do more in the treatment procedures. The problem of low-value care is associated with an increased need to improve accuracy and validity in the healthcare system. Healthcare providers are always under pressure to ensure that they carry out all the possible tests on a patient to ensure that they treat the specific healthcare problem. Gawande (2015) indicated that in most cases, healthcare providers are more concerned about doing too little rather than doing too much in any care process. This indicates that guilt among healthcare providers stems from the procedures they failed to perform to save a patient rather than the ones they performed in the quest to save as many patients as possible. Therefore, patients are more exposed to the risk of over-testing and over-treatment based on physicians’ need to ensure that all tests are carried out to identify the specific problem. 

The Problem of Overdiagnosis

Over-diagnosis in the healthcare system is a huge problem that can expose patients to great harm. When patients are over-diagnosed, they are given treatments that can expose them to the risk of toxicities. Over-diagnosis involves the diagnosis of abnormalities that cannot cause any harm to a patient. In most cases, the deviations and conditions over-diagnosed would never be the cause of death or morbidity; therefore, treating them cannot help in improving a patient’s prognosis. In most cases, when patients are over-diagnosed, they are over-treated, exposing them to physical, psychological, and emotional harm due to toxicities and labeling. In addition, patients are exposed to a greater financial burden that can affect their ability to afford medical care. 

Rabbits, Birds, and Turtles 

The Rabbits, birds, and turtles ideology is used in describing cancer patients. Gawande (2015) indicated that 75% of all the cancers found in the healthcare system are indolent tumors or turtles with a slow growth rate or stopped growing. Consequently, turtles are indolent tumors with a slow growth rate or are dormant and cannot cause any possible harm to patients. These cancers are common in prostate and breast cancer patients. On the other hand, Emerson, Villalobos & Kaplan (2017) indicated that birds are cancers diagnosed when their tumors have already metastasized and are sometimes beyond treatment, while rabbits are curable tumors that are identified before they metastasize. In most cases, rabbit-like cases are life-threatening, but they are treatable, and therefore early diagnosis and treatment are associated with reduced deaths. Gawande (2015) indicates that turtles, birds, and rabbits appear based on the organ involved. According to the author, it is less likely for colon and cervical cancers to be indolent, and therefore early diagnosis and treatment are always valuable. However, cancers such as prostate are more likely to be indolent, and the treatment of such tumors has increased significantly in the healthcare system. Low-value care in cancer treatment occurs when doctors try to fix turtles that may never cause harm to a patient, therefore, causing more harm than good. An increased introduction of sensitive technologies in the healthcare system has exposed patients to the risk of being treated for cancers that may never cause harm. Sensitive healthcare technologies lead to an increased thoroughness leading to over-diagnosis and over-treatment. 

What Has Happened to the Death Rate from Thyroid Cancer 

Death rates from thyroid cancer have not reduced despite an increased early diagnosis and treatment. Over-testing and over-diagnosis in the healthcare system stem from the notion that early detection of cancers can save lives since it can lead to the identification of tumors before they are dangerously advanced (Gawande, 2015). Therefore, the healthcare system has seen an increased cancer screening for healthy populations leading to a surge in identifying thyroid cancers. However, this increased identification is not associated with reduced death rates from the conditions because, in most cases, the patients are over-diagnosed and therefore given treatments that cause greater harm than good.  

What Happened to Taylor

Tylor suffered from an over-diagnosis. Tylor was a stoic patient who had back issues for a long time. However, one day he threw his back out, and the situation seemed to be extremely serious and worse than other back episodes. Previously, the patient had managed his back problems with stretches and exercises and sometimes by visiting a pain specialist who would administer spinal injections when an attack was bad. After this episode, Tylor visited his primary care physician. It was evident that Tylor had a degenerative disc disease in his lumbar spine after an MRI, and the doctor suggested surgery. However, Tylor was reluctant, and therefore he decided to continue with his stretches and exercises, but there were no improvements. He later went to a surgeon who recommended fusing Taylor’s spine through surgery, but improvements were not guaranteed. Unfortunately, Taylor had no cover, and his salary could not facilitate the treatments. Therefore, he resolved to move to a better hospital (Virginia Mason) under a program by Walmart, and it was identified that the problem had been over-diagnosed, and there was no need for surgery. According to the healthcare providers in Virginia, it is hard to identify back pain-related diseases using imaging, and the Tylor’s symptoms were more related to chronic nerve sensitivity and muscle spasms rather, and they could not be fixed with fusion. After a nonsurgical approach, the patient was cured, and he managed to perform tasks that he could not perform before the treatment. 

The Program’s Name

Such programs are called employer-sponsored medical coverage since Walmart had initiated it for employees undergoing spine, heart, or transplant procedures. In addition, the treatment procedures are known as bundled payments since they cater or specific conditions. 

The Effects of Such Programs on Quality and Cost of Care 

Such programs can reduce medical costs and increase the quality of care in the healthcare system. According to Gawande, Walmart rewards doctors and systems that better ensure that patients get only the necessary care and patients who seek such services (2015). In addition, the company pays on a fixed package price, indicating that doctors are paid at a fixed price despite the procedures they carry. In such situations, physicians are forced to be keen on every procedure to ensure accuracy, therefore providing quality care services (Lee, n.d.). Noticeably, an increased keenness in diagnosis helps reduce the risk of wrong diagnosis or wrong treatments, reducing the risks of recurring medical conditions. Therefore, such programs help reduce the cost of care and increase quality. 

An Alternative 

An alternative to employer-sponsored medical coverage is government-sponsored under Medicare and Medicaid. 

What Happened to McAllen

McAllen had the highest cases of unnecessary care since the care providers had turned into businesspersons. Gawande (2015) opined that per-capita spending in McAllen was more than half of what most individuals in the U.S. spend on healthcare. Medicare patients received almost 40% more surgery and twice as many bladder scopes and heart studies. However, this situation was hinged on the fact that the specialists owned most stakes in the home-healthcare agencies, surgery, and imaging centers. However, the situation was published, and the situation started to change. The practice started to take another approach where quality care was prioritized due to the risk of negative publicity and lawsuits. Gawande (2015) indicated that the changes happened due to the development of an accountable care organization. Physicians were more motivated to provide quality care by ensuring that they would share the benefits and savings accrued from better care. 

How the Inputs to Care Changed

Inputs to care increased since the healthcare providers started to work as teams. Gawande (2015) observed that doctors such as Omar Gomez resolved to build a strong team of care providers around their patients. According to the doctor, he created a team that included specialists such as cardiologists and surgeons, improving patient care. In addition, doctors with more than five thousand or more Medicare patients were registered as accountable-care organizations. Noticeably, this increased the type of care provided to patients, and therefore the inputs increased. 

How the Outputs to Care Changed

The outputs to care changed dramatically after the development of accountable care organizations. Gawande (2015) indicated that there was a 40% reduction in spending on home health services and ambulance rides. In addition, there was a 10% reduction in the number of hospital admissions, tests, and procedures. Therefore, the outputs in McAllen reduced with the development of accountability organizations and regulatory requirements. 

Conclusion

The issue of low-value care is a huge problem in today’s healthcare system. In most cases, patients are given tests and procedures unrelated to their problem or that cannot benefit them in any way. Therefore, it is essential to ensure that the right procedures are developed to ensure that patients receive the necessary care to reduce medical costs and protect them from harm. Over-diagnosis in the healthcare system stems from an increased introduction of advanced technologies that increase accuracy in diagnosis. However, this accuracy can lead to the diagnosis and treatment of turtle diseases exposing patients to the risk of paying more and harm from overtreatment. 

-Low-value care stems from an increased introduction of sensitive healthcare technology

– Over-diagnosis in the healthcare system expose individuals to the risk of receiving treatments that cannot help them or operations that cannot make them feel better.

-Low-value care can be harmful and costly

-The problem can be changed by increasing healthcare inputs, such as better payment plans for healthcare providers.

References

Chalmers, K., Badgery-Parker, T., Pearson, S. A., Brett, J., Scott, I. A., & Elshaug, A. G. (2018). Developing indicators for measuring low-value care: mapping Choosing Wisely recommendations to hospital data. BMC research notes, 11(1), 1-8. https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-018-3270-4

Emerson, R. W., Villalobos, A., & Kaplan, L. (2017). Basic types of cancer and their biological behavior. Canine and Feline Geriatric Oncology: Honoring the Human-Animal Bond, 89-101. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=2qg1DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA101&dq=rabbits+birds+and+turtles+in+the+healthcare+system&ots=1B9RzThZnP&sig=sb8eTv8UiUTOJa24HISW-QuAiG0

Gawande, A. (2015). Overkill: An avalanche of unnecessary medical care is harming patients physically and financially. The New Yorker.

Lee, R. H. Economics for Healthcare Managers. 4^th Edition. 

Verkerk, E. W., Tanke, M. A., Kool, R. B., van Dulmen, S. A., & Westert, G. P. (2018). Limit, lean or listen? A typology of low-value care that gives direction in de-implementation. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 30(9), 736-739. https://academic.oup.com/intqhc/article-abstract/30/9/736/4993353

Reflection

The way diversity is a part of Cultures, Families, and Schools

Diversity is part of the family considering that a family that a kid grows up in, and around assists to formulate self-identity (Civitillo et al., 2019). Currently, to prepare kids for the future, their capability to navigate different friendships within families, societies, and schools is important for their prosperity.  This could just begin with a child being encompassed by a lot of different people who appreciate them.  Still, attending to a range of household procedures offers knowledge of household dynamics and a possibility to direct stoppage and innovation efforts for experts. 

When it comes to cultural diversity, it assists individuals to realize and honor “processes of being” that are not necessarily their own so that they can associate with others and establish connections to trust, honor, as well as understanding across traditions (Civitillo et al., 2019).   In terms of diversity being part of schools, when functioning and studying with individuals from diverse origins available in the classroom, learners obtain a more complete understanding of the theme.  It still teaches learners how to utilize their individual strengths to donate in a different working conditions. 

Human issues such as lack of financing, equity concerns, absence of individualization, as well as negative behaviors and stereotypes can interfere with the distribution of special education services. For instance, at the secondary and elementary levels, some teaching providers depend on blanket strategies for accommodation, instead of evaluating every scholar on a personal foundation (Civitillo et al., 2019).  Some financing systems depend on pre-set classes and brands, and stress scholars’ weaknesses instead of strengths.  Exclusion and expulsion laws are sometimes precisely employed and fail to consider leaner’s conditions.  At all stages of learning, there are requirements to be a powerful recognition of the circumstances in which bias occurs.  

How knowing the Development and Variations of every individual scholar can Influence the concepts of Human Dignity and Value to enable educators to meet the different requirements of students with disabilities

Through understanding, the development and variations of every student, a productive and effective education teaching can be arranged. For instance, if learners with disabilities are identified, debates with the special learning educators and analysis of legal records offer the classroom educator data associated with the student.  Acknowledging these variations as well as establishing a protected space for dialogue assists influence understanding within the classroom and in the past classroom.  From a Christian worldview perspective educating from a biblical world, perspective does not only maximize a kid’s understanding of biblical facts, but still, it is a full immersion into knowing that all themes point straight to the living God, who needs to have an individual friendship with everyone (Jimmie, 2021).   

The necessity of Collaborating with other Members of the IEP group and ParentS

Associating with different members of the IEP group and guardians assists bring essential data to the IEP meeting. Associates share their data and work along to record the kid’s “Individualized Education Program”. (Katherine, 2017). Every individual’s data adds to the group’s understanding of the kid and what services are required by the kid. Association between teachers, parents, as well as scholars, is important for establishing a prosperous classroom. This association with many varying collaborators assists learners with deformities build a higher level of reasoning, oral dialogue, self-control, and headship skills generally improving the wellbeing of a student. 

Types of data and information collected about Scholars and how it is utilized in the creation of the Scholars IEP

Special assessment data is collected from students to assist establish if a scholar is eligible. Also, IEP progress inspecting data is collected to show the status of objective achievement, productive instructional strategies, and the learner’s development rate. This information should enlighten subsequent current stage statements, objective selection, production rules, and choice of proper backings and service. Furthermore, observation data is collected to help evaluate scholars’ functional accomplishment in academic settings, consisting of the way learners generalize skills between the unique and common learning setting, keep class routines, associate in social associations, and control themselves in the complex common education condition (Carol, 2019).   

How engaging in Professional development and Learning actions can show Commitment to lifelong Learning and back educators in growing Individually and professionally

Professional development assists educators get back to classrooms and make transformations to their lecturing designs to properly adapt to the requirement of their learners.  Therefore, through professional development, educators learn appropriate methods of teaching.  They also develop good planning and organization talents and gain understanding and industry perception (Baporikar, 2015).  Professional development offers them a chance to go out of their normal routine and get to be the learner rather than being the educator. This ensures that teachers are engaged since they feel as if they are getting the expert assistance, they require to be excellent teachers.  As an outcome, educators develop individually and professionally through professional development. 

References

Baporikar, N. (2015). Understanding Professional Development for Educators. International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management (IJSEM), 4(4), 18-30.

https://www.igi-global.com/article/understanding-professional-development-for- educators/147618

Carol, K. (2019). 10 Sources of Data to Build a Comprehensive IEP

https://www.frontlineeducation.com/blog/10-sources-of-data-to-build-a-comprehensive- iep/

Civitillo, S., Juang, L. P., Badra, M., & Schachner, M. K. (2019). The interplay between culturally responsive teaching, cultural diversity beliefs, and self-reflection: A multiple case study. Teaching and Teacher Education, 77, 341-351.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0742051X18308643

Jimmie, A. (2021). Teaching From a Biblical Worldview

https://carychristianschool.org/teaching-from-a-biblical-worldview/

Katherine, K. (2017). IEP: Students Benefit When We Collaborate

https://www.edutopia.org/blog/improving-collaboration-iep-table-katherine-koch

Apple and Nokia organizations Analysis

Apple is a multinational technology company headquartered in the United States that focuses on consumer electronics, computers, and the internet. Apple’s corporate structure has aided the team’s growth as a technological company by encouraging creativity. Nokia Company, established in 1865, is Finnish multinational telecommunication, information systems, and consumer technology company. Nokia’s primary offices are in Espoo, Finland, which is part of the wider Helsinki metropolitan area. Therefore, this paper focuses on the organizational structure, culture, mode of communication, and leadership style of both companies, as well as how organizational structure, culture, and management style affect success and failure, HR strategic planning, recruitment and selection strategy, performance, and recommendation.

Apple Organizational Structure

Apple’s organizational structure established by Steve Jobs and Tim Cook’s back-to-back administrations has offered the company many opportunities, ranging from creative human resource management practices to market development and technical specialization. The management structure is very hierarchical, with multiple levels of management. The company’s massive size, with many workers worldwide, necessitates the use of a hierarchical organization. Apple uses a conventional design where it has split into separate units, each with its profit and loss statement (Podolny & Hansen, 2020). Senior managers oversee the Macintosh goods department, the information appliances division, and the server products division. Another notable characteristic of Apple’s design is its utility. High-ranking vice leaders reporting to the chief executive are in control of activities rather than goods, which is an essential feature of organizational structure.

Apple Organizational Culture

Apple has a culture of innovation and creativity. The company’s culture prioritizes maintaining a high level of innovation, which necessitates inventiveness and a mindset that questions existing norms and standards. (Shaari, 2019). When it comes to active and rapid technological innovation, the company relies on cultural support and unity, both of which are important factors in determining competitiveness and industry leadership. The industry focuses on Apple Ansoff’s matrix for strategic marketing model that aids Apple in deciding its product and market strategy because of Apple’s organizational culture, which combines top-notch effectiveness, creative skills, and innovation. 

Apple Organization Mode of Communication

Apple’s mode of communication and how staff engages with one another Apple promotes iPhones through print and electronic media. Additional communication strategies employed by the firm include digital technology, direct marketing, personal selling, sales progression, and public relations (Juska, 2021). Billboards and television commercials promote Apple products and services. Because televisions are now in almost every home, the corporation is assured of reaching a broad target audience. The advertisements are designed to highlight the iPhones’ superior quality.

How Employees Interact with each Other

Good employee relations contribute to better employee engagement and long-term company performance. The biggest and most successful technology company, Apple, places great importance on cultivating positive working connections (Arimie, 2019). It uses a power-sharing model with its employees, allowing them to express themselves through an open communication network. Employee engagement measures a person’s passion for and commitment to the job and their workplace culture, occupational function, and relationships with coworkers. Employees’ dedication to the company they work for has a positive impact on their motivation to put forth effort in their jobs, use their ingenuity, and help the company achieve its goals.

Apples the Leadership Style

Apple’s leadership style was dictatorial when Steve Jobs was Director, but it changed significantly after Tim Cook took over. Apple’s style of leadership is democratic. The CEO is not personally involved in launching a new product, but he collaborates with top managers and other team members (Dudovskiy, 2021). The second type of leadership is quiet leadership, which Tim Cook is known for being more than Steve Jobs. While Steve Jobs was alive, he revolutionized Apple and introduced a flurry of new products, but Tim Cook has stuck to just three types of products.

How Does Apple’s Organizational Values, Structure, and Administration Style Affect/Relate To Its Achievement?

  Apple’s organizational structure promotes market leadership by combining leading efficiency, creative abilities, and innovation to pursue growth and development.

Organizational culture is an essential component of performance and a source of long-term competitive edge (Podolny & Hansen, 2020). Apple is known for its secrecy-obsessed culture. This cultural trait continues to determine the firm’s human resource management. Maintaining confidentiality is one of the firm’s strategies for preventing the theft of personal information. It’s also a purposeful management style that helps Apple keep its competitive edge.

Apple’s success is due to its management style. For strategic decision-making, the Information Technology behemoth mostly relies on technical personnel and executive teams (Dudovskiy, 2021). According to the firm, it is easier to train experts into becoming managers than it is to develop executives to become experts. As a result, for managerial positions at Apple, great competence in their role is necessary.

Apple’s HR Strategy, Employment and Assortment Strategy, and Presentation/Talent Administration Strategy

The firm’s policy to appraising and recollecting the original talent is based on human resources strategies, measures, and methodologies. Apple’s HR strategy prioritizes human capital investment, member of the group acceptance or disapproval, involvement in choice, and a commitment to team constructing (Lordkipanidze, 2019). After signing to managing talent acquisition, Apple seeks applicants engaged at work, dedicated, and precise. The most successful Strategies are always centered on getting the best productivity out of people. Apple emphasizes its key goal of engaging the smartest and brightest candidates. The assortment procedure is centered on direct interaction to find someone who can think of new ideas and is willing to spend their time with the company.

Apple Suggestion and Recommendation

To remain ahead in a competitive and rapidly changing technological sector, Apple must retain its creative thinking and innovative products. Apple must recognize that technological advancements, market needs, and demographic shifts have led to new needs and expectations. As a result, the corporation must continue to innovate and think creatively in all of its products and services (Model, 2021). Additionally, Steve Jobs provides the kind of strong leadership that technology firms deserve. Apple’s long-term strategy was devised by Steve Jobs. Therefore, the new CEO is in charge of developing and communicating innovative plans, as well as ensuring that staff follows them.

Nokia Organization Structure and Culture

Nokia’s downturn in cellular telephones could be attributed to poor managerial decisions, a corrupt and inefficient organizational structure, culture, and HR planning techniques, such as a poor marketing technique. Nokia’s business group includes the sections of Mobiles, Media, Business Solutions, and Networking. Each management leader is responsible for ensuring that the company’s best interests are served. The structure and culture of an organization are critical for growth and development. They thus must be carefully examined for a company’s success, but you would have observed that it played at least an indirect influence on Nokia’s success. The firm’s management and employees lost interest since they assumed the firm already had achieved success and that nothing more needed to be done. With such a mental approach, you won’t be able to attain long-term success, and it won’t help you achieve your goals as effectively as possible (Peltonen, 2019). Nokia’s reputation culture has produced a culture of social worry that has changed how humans work. When the human element is mixed with structural economic issues, Nokia’s ability to innovate was hampered by a condition of time vision.

Nokia Mode of Communication and How Staff Engage With One Another

Many people automatically think of the various forms of public relations and marketing necessary for brand promotion when it comes to actual interaction within a firm. Large corporations require a high level of communication. Influential firms are critical for maintaining employee relationships and a firm’s prosperity. Internal communication has changed tremendously since the days of introductory emails and employee publications. It’s unlikely that the company’s message was unclear, late, and inadequate (Lamberg et al., 2021). The flow of information can slow to a near-halt when there is significant organizational dysfunction. Top managers might have guaranteed coherence on the firm’s aims and how to achieve them, indicated that information sharing was valued through their words and actions, and worked to minimize middle managers’ fear of providing negative information.

Nokia’s Leadership Style

Nokia employs a democratic style that includes interaction with assistants and contribution in developing initiatives and strategies. He encourages people to participate in policymaking. Rather than instilling fear and intimidation in his subordinates, the manager leads by example and argument (Schoemaker & Kuhn, 2021). Stephen Elop, director of Nokia, claims that Nokia’s leadership focused on the construction and success of individuals than teamwork hence leading to its failure.

How Does Nokia’s Failure Affect/Relate to Its Organizational Culture, Structure, and Management Style

Successful businesses have developed unique and appropriate human resource policies based on internal capabilities and constraints, allowing them to take advantage of international opportunities while avoiding risks. Nokia failed to consider Human Resources when the Nokia smartphone e was launched thus struggled to maintain its dominance in the smartphone market (Bhalodiya & Sagotia, 2018). Nokia officials predicted that people would shun touch-screen smartphones instead of keypad phones. Nokia was adversely affected by changing the organization structure. Nokia’s issues were exacerbated by the lack of innovation in its devices; whereas Apple continued to develop better phones, Nokia continued to manufacture phones with limited capabilities. Nokia was known for its hardware and gave its software abilities scant thought. To reduce the risks of bringing innovation to phones, the company neglected new technologies at first. Nokia’s demise is due to a widespread bureaucracy that prevents it from acting and its inability to act, damaging internal competition. Additionally, Nokia’s demise is the internal corporate rivalries. The lack of cooperation resulted in a slew of operational challenges, especially setbacks in Operating system code generation and marketing strategies failed to work hence the failure of Nokia corporate.

HR Strategic Planning, Recruitment and Selection Strategy, And Performance/Talent Management Strategy 

A strategic human resources primary goal is to increase employee performance by focusing on economic barriers outside the human resource department. Since the backing of the new corporate plan, the need to change people’s attitudes and actions was no longer available; the cultural transformation impacted Nokia’s cooperation (Li et al., 2021). Due to a lack of involvement and contact, persons who are not inventive were chosen, resulting in no improvement in smartphone technology. Nokia’s failure to compete with other competitors was due to a lack of HR cooperation, resulting in hiring unqualified staff with no software experience. Therefore, poor HR led to Nokia’s innovation being weak, chief executives’ arrogance and ignorant due to a lack of strategy hence inability to develop.

Nokia Suggestion and Recommendation

Nokia’s problems stem from the company’s attempt to create an appealing culture for potential Romanian employees. Nokia can build a great culture by emphasizing the company’s core values and conventions of open communication, mutual respect, and high appreciation for team members. Team goals will be able to better connect with corporate goals after Nokia has established a sustainable culture, leading to the highest performance. Therefore, I recommend managers should also make it obvious to potential employees that the firm would advance the best-performing teams, giving them the motivation to work at Nokia because of the chances for advancement.

References

Arimie, C. J. (2019). Employer-employee relations and employee engagement in a tertiary institution in Benin-City, Edo State. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 1(1), 9-24.

Bhalodiya, N., & Sagotia, N. (2018). Reasons behind the failure of Nokia: a Case study of Telecom sector. International Journal of Management and Humanity.

Dudovskiy, J. (2021). Apple leadership: A brief overview. Business research methodology https://research-methodology.net/apple-leadership-and-apple-organizational-structure/ 

Juska, J. M. (2021). Integrated marketing communication: advertising and promotion in a digital world. Routledge.

Lamberg, J. A., Lubinaitė, S., Ojala, J., & Tikkanen, H. (2021). The curse of agility: The Nokia Corporation and the loss of market dominance in mobile phones, 2003–2013. Business History, 63(4), 574-605.

Li, S., Jia, R., Seufert, J. H., Hu, W., & Luo, J. (2021). The impact of ability‐, motivation‐and opportunity‐enhancing strategic human resource management on performance: the mediating roles of emotional capability and intellectual capital. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources.

Lordkipanidze, R. (2019). Our Innovative Joys of Epoch: New York-Big Apple and iPhone-as well Apple. Tbilisi, General Coordinator of International Charity Scientific-Research Partnership, As E-Article, 10.

Model, L. T. S. (2021). Home> Free Essays> Business> Organizational Management> Netflix Company: Leading Organisational Changes.

Peltonen, T. (2019). Case Study 4: The Collapse of Nokia’s Mobile Phone Business. In Towards Wise Management (pp. 163-188). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.

Podolny, J. M., & Hansen, M. T. (2020). How Apple is organized for innovation. Harvard Business Review, 98(6), 86-95.

Schoemaker, P. J., & Kuhn, J. S. (2021). Haier: ecosystem leadership. Strategy & Leadership.

Shaari, N. (2019). Organization Culture as the source of competitive advantage. Asian Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences, 1(1), 26-38.

For a long time, the description given to nouns has always been insufficient, calling for more analysis on what constitutes them and how they are applied in different situations. In elementary and high school levels, nouns are described as names that refer to persons, places, and objects and verbs as actions words. Individuals with deep knowledge in linguistics have established the inefficiency of this description since it fails to establish the singularity and plurality of the words when talking about the degree to which they can be counted. Two ways have always been used to describe nouns, that is, countable and uncountable. However, this is not the best and most inclusive approach since the degree to which they are countable depends on the situation.  Looking at their morphosyntactic properties like how they can be used in sentences and the suffixes they can be attached to could help in the effective description of the nouns and the degree to which they can be counted. 

Ontological and Semantic Categorization of Nouns

Concrete and Abstract Nouns

Nouns can either be concrete or abstract. This semantic category leaves a question of whether each type could be written in singular and plural, or whether they can be the prefix. The concrete nouns can be touched and or moved from one place to another. This category comprises objects nous like people, books, utensils or anything tangible (Sutton & Filip, 2020: 324). On the contrary, abstract nouns are words that denote a state, quality or state of things that can neither be seen nor touched (Murphy, 2010: 150). They are thus nouns that can be felt but not touched. For instance, love, beauty and time. Important to note is that concreate nouns can be counted since one object could be differentiated from the other. On the contrary, abstract nouns cannot be counted even though their utilization in sentences could be in plural formats (Akhtiamov, 2019: 220). For instance, one could state “much love” to imply the plurality of the affection expressed towards someone. In addition, air is an abstract noun that cannot be counted. However, someone could state “much air” to imply a form of pluralism. Therefore, abstract words are not countable but do not display all the grammatical properties associated with uncountable nouns. 

Common and Proper Nouns

Common and proper nouns is another category for nouns. In most cases, such nouns are treated as grammatically distinct subclasses. The use of a common noun about a particular token of its type requires the writer to make them part of the noun phrase accompanied with a determiner (Breban & Kolkmann, 2019: 751). For instance, the man and man are two different noun. When article the or a is written before the noun of focus, that noun becomes common Articles a and the are used to imply that this aspect is familiar, has been seen before and that one has interacted with it. On the contrary, referring to someone as just man implies that the person of attention is not familiar and has not been seen before (Vartiainen, 2019: 905). He then becomes a proper noun. The man can be written in the plural as the men while man can be written as men. Therefore, both common and proper nouns can be counted since their formats allow plural semantics. 

Counting of Nouns

Count and non-Count Nouns

Nouns, as stated above, refer to objects that can be seen and touched and states that are abstract. There is also the category of nouns which denotes their ability to be counted. In English and other languages, there are words denoting stuff that can neither be counted nor individuated and those that can be individualized and counted (Murphy, 2010: 150). For instance, books are count nouns since one can count their number on a shelf or a lock. On the other hand, soil can be used to refer to non-count nouns, which cannot be counted in individual forms. Count nouns are therefore pluralized and preceded by numerals. For example, one could say that she owns 50 books in her home library. Fifty, in this case, denotes a number, confirming that the books have been counted and assigned a numerical value. On the other hand, non-count nouns like soil are traditionally referred to as mass nouns and are not assigned numerals, but rather non-counting quantifiers like much, that is used to inform their quantity (Schneider, Hundt & Schreier, 2020: 510). Counting the non-count nouns denoted by mass quantity requires individuals to establish the units into which such stuff can be divided, such as tins. For instance, someone could state that the builders carried 50 clumps of soil to the construction site. Thus, the mass or non-count nouns could be counted when placed in their respective units of measurement.

The Semantics of Countability

As noted above, there are different subclasses of count and non-count nouns. The analysis has established that count nouns are denoted as individual objects or persons while the non-count nouns come in mass quantities that cannot be individuated (Murphy, 2010: 152). The countable nouns, in sematic terms, are bounded while mass nouns remain unbounded. An object or entity is bounded when it is indivisible, that is, it cannot retain its shape or feature when divided. For instance, a person is a bounded noun. Dividing the person would mean cutting the component parts that constitute the individual. Such parts after being cut from the original piece would not retain the shape and features of the person before the division. 

On the contrary, the unbounded nouns retain their shape and feature even after division. For instance, dividing one clump of soil into 3 tins would imply that each tin would get a share of the soil. Even though the quantity would change, the properties and features of the soil would be retained and established in each tin. Even though the singular count nouns are bonded, their plural versions are not (Grimm, Moon & Richman, 2021: 74). For instance, one person is bounded since his or her division would change the shape and features. However, when a singular person is changed to plural by adding more people, they change from bounded to unbounded, since they can be divided while retaining their feature. For instance, a group of three people can be divided into three to get three separate individuals with their features retained. Therefore, count nouns can be bounded in their single forms and unbounded in plurals sematic.

 Mass Nouns as Plurals

The above analysis shows that mass nouns are singular since they are individualized. However, there are several cases in which the mass nouns are plural, meaning that their component parts can be individualized. This technique of counting mass nouns is known as Chierchia’s approach. The analysis of the literature above has established that individuals, representing count nouns and substances, denoting the mass nouns are the two extremes of noun countability (Murphy, 2010: 160). However, Chierchia noted that some of the mass nouns can be individualized when separated from the group in which they are placed. For instance, furniture is a mass noun that is written in a singular form. However, the term is a mass noun that’s consists of several objects like chairs, tables and beds. Also, clothing is made up of dresses, skirts, shirts and trousers. Furniture and clothing are therefore mass nouns that cannot be written in the plural. However, Tsiakmakis, Borras-Comes and Espinal (2021: 212) note that the component parts of these nouns could be pluralized. For instance, there are the shirts, dresses, skirts and shirts in one category and chairs, tables and beds in the other. Therefore, even though the mass nouns are singular some contain individualized items which can be pluralized. 

The Universal Packager of Nouns

There are situations when individuals make sense of the substance terms like mud as occurring in either plural or singular forms. Some would claim two muds to mean not one but several, even though the above discussion denotes mud as a mass noun that cannot be divided into individual units. In such cases, an individual would involve an operator, commonly known as universal packager to differentiate between singularity and plurality of the nouns (Murphy, 2010: 157). The packager is used to differentiate bounded and unbounded nouns. For instance, people would say they took a cup of tea to imply “one tea” when in actual sense, tea is a mass noun that cannot be counted unless clamped into tin units (Murphy, 2010: 157). When saying, the visitor drank a tea, it implies that the noun has been individualized. However, stating that visitors took tea to suggest that the noun, tea, is bounded. Therefore, the addition of universal packager, a, translates the mass nouns into individuals and unbounded nouns. 

Wierzbicka’s Countability Argument

Nouns can be counted based on the degree to which they remain unbounded and separate from their mass formations. However, Wierzbicka argues that countability is semantically motivated since the practice departs from the personal view of the nouns under focus (Murphy, 2010: 163). For instance, oats and wheat are not grain particles. However, oats are bigger than wheat, making the latter to be referred to as countable nouns with the other being regarded as uncountable. In such situations, the countability is determined by the perception of the people, since anything bigger or in large units is perceived countable (Murphy, 2010: 163). The same applies to nouns like sugar, salt and floor. Their particles are too small making them hard to count. On the contrary, grains of maize and beans can be counted due to their large size. Therefore, nouns of items large enough are regarded as countable while those of small particulate matters are perceived as uncountable. 

Conclusion

Nouns can be singular or pluralized depending on their morphosyntactic properties. There are several types of nouns. The first is abstract and concrete. The concrete nouns can be touched and seen while the abstract nouns can only be felt. In most cases, the abstract nouns come in mass forms and are therefore inseparable from their constituent parts. On the other hand, the concrete nouns can be counted, both as individuals and in a group. There are also common and proper nouns that refer to familiar and unfamiliar objects or states. When referring to countability, there are count and non-count nouns. The count nouns can be pluralized considering that they come in individual forms. On the other hand, the non-count nouns are insuperable from individual components and therefore referred to as mass nouns. Chierchia’s approach provides avenues for pluralizing the mass nouns since their separation into individual units makes them be counted. Therefore, linguistic learners and scholars need to establish the type of noun before finding out the degree to which they can be counted. 

References

Akhtiamov R.B.  (2019). Dictionary of abstract and concrete words of the Russian language: a methodology for creation and application. Journal of Research in Applied Linguistics, 10(6), 218-230.  https://doi.org/10.22055/RALS.2019.14684

Breban, T., & Kolkmann, J. (2019). Different perspectives on proper noun modifiers. English Language & Linguistics, 23(4), 749-758. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136067431900025X

Grimm, S., Moon, E., & Richman, A. (2021). Strongly non-countable nouns: Strategies against individuality. Formal approaches to number in Slavic and beyond, 5, 69-81. https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/51044/external_content.pdf?sequence=1#page=69

Murphy, M. L. (2010). Lexical meaning. Part III: Word classes and semantic types- Ontological categories and word classes. Cambridge University Press.

Schneider, G., Hundt, M., & Schreier, D. (2020). Pluralized non-count nouns across Englishes: A corpus-linguistic approach to variety types. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, 16(3), 515-546. https://doi.org/10.1515/cllt-2018-0068

Sutton, P. R., & Filip, H. (2020). Informational Object Nouns and the mass/count distinction. In Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung (Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 319-335. https://doi.org/10.18148/sub/2020.v24i2.900

Tsiakmakis, E., Borras-Comes, J., & Espinal, M. T. (2021). The interpretation of plural mass nouns in Greek. Journal of Pragmatics, 181, 209-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2021.05.017

Vartiainen, T. (2019). From twig-skinny to Kate Moss skinny: expressing degree with common and proper nouns. English Language & Linguistics, 23(4), 901-927. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1360674319000303

Evidence That She Is Excused from Any Sin She Commits

The theory of Original Sin is wrong. The belief that humans are born accountable of somebody else’s sin is also false, but also disrespectful to the Bible. This implies that we have been held accountable for a sin we did not commit. “The one who sins is the one who will die,” Ezekiel18:4 states. According to Ezekiel 18:19-The son is not entitled to the inheritance. The son does not inherit the dad’s guilt, and the parent doesn’t really inherit his son’s guilt. There are also additional verses that explicitly indicate that we’ll be held accountable (Zanou, 2022).

2 Corinthians 5:10 says, “We will all appear before God’s judgement bench to get what is due us for the actions done while in the body, whether good or wicked.” I could contend why we don’t need a passage assuring us that we’ll only be held responsible for our own deeds since God is a just God, and holding someone responsible for someone else’s transgression, such as Adam’s, is a violation of every conceivable tenet of justice. (Oord, 2019). One could be inclined to ask where the absurd concept of Original Sin came from. It has a lengthy and illustrious history that goes back to the 4th century. Although it is debatable if Augustine invented this concept, he is credited with making it the standard for Western Christianity. He was trying to explain why infants need to be baptized and why we are born with a wicked nature. He made the mistake of attempting to explain it by claiming that we are born with a sinful nature. Augustine was attempting to legitimize an unbiblical practice–infant baptism–in this case.

The Holy Father, many Church authorities, and observers have all recently spoken out against the rise of relativism.

It’s crucial to remember Benedict XVI’s remarks right before the conclave that elected him Pope. In the address, he accused contemporary culture of “forming a relativistic tyranny that does not recognize anything as certain and whose ultimate goal is merely one’s own ego and aspirations.” This growth in a relativistic worldview would not be possible without a prior weakening of the sense of sin. Having a firm grasp of sin and being aware of it in one’s own life is referred to as “sense of sin.” (Grünenthal, 2018).

This is an aspect of what’s commonly referred to as “conscience.” In the year 2000, Pope John Paul II “” A sensitive and acute awareness of the seeds of death contained in sin, as well as a sensitivity and acuteness of sense for discerning them in the thousand forms in which sin presents itself,” wrote Reconciliatio et Paenitentia. This is frequently referred to as the sense of sin. This feeling is anchored in man’s moral conscience and functions as a thermometer for the moral conscience.” Without a healthy feeling of sin, man’s conscience gets muddled, and he is easily led astray. If this occurs on a large scale, it can be disastrous for civilization.

Indeed, numerous writers have seen that the term “sin” has all but vanished from contemporary parlance. John Paul II studied the issue and came to the conclusion that modern culture has forgotten its consciousness of sin, which he mostly attributes to secularism. Secular psychology, I believe, has also had a significant effect in reducing the sensation of sin Indeed, John Paul has identified secular psychology, among other human sciences, as contributing to this loss. “Social sin” is a notion that has gotten more emphasis in recent magisterium teachings than in the past. There are some instances in which this phrase is used incorrectly, according to John Paul II. These erroneous interpretations exonerate the person of all accountability and place sole blame for the individual’s wrongdoings on greater social forces.

According to Dr. Paul Vitz, all of psychology’s fundamental theories of personality are secular in nature. To put it another way, they try to explain human existence, progress, fulfillment, and challenges to such fulfillment without mentioning divine or sacred realities. These theories focus on the individual’s immanent happiness without making any reference to transcendent or objective reality. They portray a humanism that is devoid of God entirely. As a result, one’s perception of God is diminished by these secular beliefs. As John Paul II and others have pointed out, the experience of God is inextricably tied to the sense of sin. When the first withers, the second also withers. Many psychological theories have a deterministic view of the human person. That is, they see people and their acts as predetermined outcomes of their early experiences, DNA, neurological circuitry, and the demands of environmental reinforcing and punishments, among other factors. In a deterministic framework, human freedom quickly fades, and if man lacks freedom, moral ideas like sin lose their meaning. 

Other psychological theories hold that human freedom, defined as autonomous decision-making, is absolute. These theories claim that the human self already possesses what it requires to achieve self-actualization, denying the existence of sinfulness. It merely needs to be liberated from any restraints imposed by outside forces.

John Paul II once again directs our attention in the proper direction. Some other reason for the lack of a sense of sin in modern culture is that several human sciences discoveries were judged incorrectly. Thus, based on certain psychological affirmations, an unwillingness to accept any shortcoming arises from a desire to avoid instilling emotions of guilt or imposing restrictions on freedom.”

Many researchers, including psychiatrist Thomas Szasz, sociologists P. Conrad and W.S. Schneider, psychologist O.H. Mowrer, and others, have noted that as the area of clinical psychology has developed, so has the inclination to “medicalize” human behavior (Levy, 2021).

How I Would Respond to Her Claims from Christian Worldview

 Sin “came into the world through one man, and death by sin, and so death spread to all men since all sinned” after Adam and Eve fell in the Garden of Eden (Rom. 5:13). The immensity of human wickedness must be fully addressed in a Christian worldview. Our sin problem must be treated with the utmost seriousness, because eternal destinies are on the line. A Christian perspective must never take humanity’s wickedness lightly or casually.

The Bible paints a frightening picture of sin’s manifestation and devastation. Idolatry, rebellion, missing the target, wandering from the path, betrayal, desire, ungodliness, and wickedness are all examples of sin. Sin ignores, makes purposeful mistakes, causes guilt, and lacks integrity. Sin is lustful, perverse, and illegal. Sin is defined as crossing a line and failing to do so, as well as a transgression and a flaw. Sin is like a “creeping beast” at the door (Gen. 4:7) (Palmer, 2018). Sinners are not just sick or morally deficient; In our crimes and faults, we have perished (Eph. 2:5). The enormity of the sin problem must be viewed in the context of Jesus Christ’s life and activity. The Gospel itself is a message that God is not unconcerned about sin or unforgiving of it. God’s wrath will be poured out on sin and the sinner. The crucifixion of the Son of God reveals the severity and depth of sin, as well as its consequences, in a way that no other event does. The spotless ne took the curse of sin upon Himself in order to free us from it (Gal. 3:13). Christ abolished sin in His own body by taking our shame upon Himself (Rom. 8:3). Sin is judged and its power is eliminated as a result of His death. Jesus’ death makes a selfless price for sin’s guilt and frees us from the penalty and power of sin.

The redeeming purpose of Yahweh to save us from our sins takes place in and through the Church, according to a Christian viewpoint. In light of the Great Commission, the Church must always use ministry tactics that preach the Gospel both verbally and physically. The power of the Gospel of Jesus Christ is used to deliver people from the destructive effects of sin. People are set free from their sins and forgiven as the Holy Spirit transforms them through the Church’s gospel activities. While strategies and methods may evolve, the truth that Christ has defeated sin remains constant. A biblically-grounded Christian worldview must include this perspective on sin.

References

Grünenthal, H. (2018). The Father Said Goodbye: The German Press’ Reactions to the Resignation of Pope Benedict xvi and the Conclave. Journal of religion, media and digital culture, 7(3), 381-399.

Levy, J. C. (2021). Adaptive Learning and the Human Condition: Behavior Modification and the Helping Professions. Routledge.

Oord, T. J. (2019). God Can’t: How To Believe in God and Love After Tragedy, Abuse, and Other Evils. Sacrasage Press.

Palmer, T. (2018). Landscape with reptile: rattlesnakes in an urban world. University of Georgia Press.

Zanou, A. E. (2022). On Morality. Available at SSRN.