Concepts of Childhood

There are 3 questions (with their individual point value indicated in parentheses).
Do not use materials from outside of class. Also make sure that you answer all parts of each question. Finally the quality of your answer is more important than the quantity.

Do not use quotations in your answers. Please make sure that your responses to the
questions are entirely in your own words. When you provide content and examples to
support your answers from the readings – follow these with simple APA style citations
(for example, Lee & Jonson-Reid, 2016). Since you are only using course resources, you don’t need to include a reference page.

Plagiarized responses will NOT be given credit, So remember to put answers in your own words and cite the course readings that you use. Please check your own turnitin.com report to see if any of the text you use is highlighted. If you have any highlighting – it can because you are using text that this too close to the original source, and it needs to paraphrased appropriately. It is expected that your turnitin.com score would very low (no more than 4% to allow for random use of common terms).

Question 1:
A. Ryan, Bradshaw, and Deci (2019) describe behaviorism as one of the dominate motivational theories of the 20th century. Explain the basic premises of the behaviorism.
Why do Ryan and colleagues call behaviorists “non-motivational” theorists?

B. How does B. F. Skinner’s Operant Theory posit that behavioral responses happen? Consider the episode illustrated in the cartoon below. Describe in detail the processes of positive and negative reinforcement that are taking place. In your answer, explain what type reinforcers are being used. (Remember to define the behaviorist terms that you use)

C. If the mother wished to use Operant Theory to change her son’s behavior, why might “extinction” be useful? What does this term mean and how would the mother do that?
(please see the picture which is uploaded)

Note: Helpful resources for this question include readings from Historical Foundations of Motivation. Please use information from Ryan, Bradshaw and Deci (2019), A history of human motivation theories. (attached)

Question 2:
A. Using the information in the reading by Wigfield and Gladstone (2019), describe in your own words what the terms Expectancy and Value mean in the EVT (Expectancy Value Theory).

B. What are the three components that Wigfield and Gladstone (2019) say positively influence subjective task value? What is the one component that can negatively influence it? Explain each of these terms in your own words.

C. Use an example of a task or activity that you regularly choose to do, This task or activity can be an interest, hobby, sport, craft, skill, or work activity. Describe the task that you have chosen, and explain the role of each of the 4 components of subjective task value and how they influence your involvement in the task.

Note: Helpful resources for this question would be readings from Attribution Theory. Wigfield and Gladstone (2019), What does Expectancy-Value Theory have to say about motivation and achievement in times of change and uncertainty will be particularly useful. (attached)

Question 3:
You have been asked to write a blog entry for parents about the development of self-regulation in childhood. Use blogging elements of an attention grabbing headline, a captivating lead paragraph, and interesting supporting points (with sources clearly cited in APA style). End with a compelling call to action.

Include the following information in your blog entry:
A. In your own words explain what self regulation is and why it is important.
B. How does it develop in early childhood? Describe the role can parents and caregiver play in helping young children to learn self-regulation.
C. What do we know about self-regulation in adolescents? How do parents, peers, friends, and romantic partners influence teens’ self-regulation? And why is this considered to be a bi-directional relationship?

Note: Helpful resources for this question include readings from Social Cognitive Theory. Please use OPRE (2017) Promoting self-regulation in the first five years and Farley and Kim-Spoon (2014) The development of adolescent self-regulation: Reviewing the role of parent, peer, friend, and romantic relationships.

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