Please use Friis,
R. H. & Sellers, T. A. (2014). Epidemiology for public health practice (5th ed.). for references
“Confounding is the term used to describe distortion of the
estimate of the effect of an exposure of interest because it is mixed with the
effect of an extraneous factor. According to Susser, a confounding variable is
“an independent variable that varies systematically with the hypothetical
causal variable under study. When uncontrolled, the effects of a confounding
variable cannot be distinguished from those of the study variable” (Friis &
Sellers, 2014, pg. 445).
In your Week Five assignment, please answer the following
questions:
·
Define confounding and
state how confounding can affect a study’s conclusion. What is meant by
Simpson’s paradox and how does it pertain to confounding? How do epidemiologic
researchers control for confounding?
·
Suppose as an
epidemiologist you are responsible for measuring study participants’ blood
pressure. Some dropped the instrument and the needle on the gauge has been bent
so that the readings are too high. What type of error is this? What type of
error would occur if the instrument is working properly but only one person
took only measurement from each person? How could you minimize each of the
foregoing types of error?
Consider the following scenario to answer questions c through
h: The death rate per 100,000 for lung cancer is 7 among nonsmokers and 71
among smokers. The death rate per 100,000 for coronary thrombosis is 422 among
nonsmokers and 599 among smokers. The prevalence of smoking in the population
is 55% (If necessary, refer to the chapter 9 on cohort studies for formulas for
relative risk (RR) Be sure to show the formulas for your work as well as your
calculations. Present your final results and their interpretation in a table
format.
·
What is the RR of
dying of lung cancer for smokers versus nonsmokers?
·
What is the RR of
dying of coronary thrombosis for smokers versus nonsmokers?
·
What is the etiologic
fraction of disease due to smoking among individuals with lung cancer?
·
What is the etiologic
fraction of disease due to smoking among individuals with coronary thrombosis?
·
What is the population
etiologic fraction of lung cancer due to smoking?
·
What is the population
etiologic fraction of coronary thrombosis due to smoking?
The Week Five Assignment must
·
Be two to four
double-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages) and
formatted according to APA style (Links to an external
site.) as outlined in the UAGC Writing Center (Links to an external
site.). The length of your response should be sufficient to
answer each question fully.
·
Show calculations for
solving problems using text, an equation editor, a clear photo, or scan of
legible pen or pencil calculations either saved as an image and inserted into
your assignment document or attached as a .pdf file.
Please use Friis,
R. H. & Sellers, T. A. (2014). Epidemiology for public health practice (5th ed.). for references
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