Explain what the ingredients in the lysis solution do.

Unit 3 Lab Assignments: From Replication to Transcription and Translation to Mutation; and DNA Extraction
Perform the following labs.There are two labs. A lab report will include the following elements:
Lab #5: From Replication to Transcription and Translation to Mutation
Problem: How does the structure of DNA allow for its replication and coding of proteins?
Hypothesis: write your hypothesis in an if…then…format
Materials: scissors, glue, DNA pieces, construction paper, colored pencils
Method:
Part A: DNA Structure
From the assignment resources, download and open Unit3-Lab-DNA-Replication.pdf, print out the first page marked “Part A”. Color-code each of the parts of the nucleotide (use 6 colors).
Cut out each nucleotide.
Construct the DNA molecule with the bases on the left side in the following order: Thymine, Guanine, Thymine. Pair the appropriate nucleotides to make the other side of the DNA.
Be sure to submit your model in the results area of your lab write-up worksheet – take a photo of it and insert the image into the document.
Part B: DNA Replication
From the document Unit3-Lab-DNA-Replication.pdf, print out the two pages marked “Part B”, with 6 nucleotides each. Color-code each of the parts of the nucleotide (use 6 colors).
Cut out each nucleotide.
Construct the DNA molecule with the bases on the left side in the following order: Thymine, Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Thymine.
Pair the appropriate nucleotides to make the other side of the DNA strand.
Glue this model onto a piece of construction paper.
To simulate replication, use your scissors (they represent the enzyme DNA polymerase) to cut apart the DNA strand.
Build new daughter strands off of the old template strands. You will hand-draw these as there are not nucleotides to cut out.
Submit these two models in your results section, take a photograph and insert the images into the lab write-up worksheet.
Part C: Transcription, Translation, and Mutations
From the document Unit3-Lab-DNA-Replication.pdf, print out the chart on page 4, you will need to complete this using information on page 5 and 6 – the mutation cards and the doctor report. We recommend you print pages 5 and 6 too.
Column 1 on your table represents a gene that stops cell growth. Transcribe the DNA into RNA (remember that U replaces T in RNA). Put answers in column 2.
Translate the RNA into an amino acid sequence by reading from the top and decoding every three bases from the genetic code chart. Record the amino acids in column 3.
Now, your DNA strand gets mutated. Choose a mutation card and follow the instructions on the card. Record the new, mutated DNA strand in column 4.
Fill in column 5, the RNA strand, from the mutated DNA strand.
Fill in column 6, the amino acid sequence, from the RNA strand.
Use the doctor’s report to get the diagnosis of the effect of the mutation on your gene. Record the diagnosis in your results and answer the questions. Scan or photograph your chart so that you can include it with your lab write-up.
Note: If you are having trouble finding the amino acids for part C, please watch the following video which explains how to use the codon chart.
Results:
Part A: sketch of DNA model of 6 nucleotides
Part B: sketch of two DNA molecules resulting from replication
Part C: completed chart
Discussion/Analysis:
Define what DNA stands for.
Give the general function of DNA.
Give the name for the shape of DNA and make a sketch.
List the three parts of a nucleotide.
Give the names of the four nitrogen-containing bases.
List the rules of base pairing in DNA.
Define replication.
Explain why cells need to replicate their DNA.
Describe the result of DNA replication.
What are the three types of point mutations?
What type of point mutation occurred in your strand of DNA?
What caused this mutation to occur? (answer is on your card)
How did this mutation affect the person (you must read about this from the doctor report).
Conclusion: Re-read the problem question and your hypothesis. Write your answer to the problem question now that you’ve done the lab.

Lab #6: DNA Extraction
You are going to use two online resources to extract DNA. One will be a virtual lab and one you will do in your own kitchen following the directions. Use the worksheet in the assignment resources to complete the lab write-up for the Part 2.
Resources:
Virtual DNA Extraction
How to Extract DNA from Anything Living!
Part 1: Virtual DNA Extraction
Go to the above website and follow the instructions. Answer the questions below. Note: This part does not need to be in a “lab write-up format.”
What are some reasons we extract DNA?
Where is DNA found in the cell?
What type of cells were collected from the test subject?
What are the four steps of DNA purification?
Explain what the ingredients in the lysis solution do.
What is the end result of the DNA extraction?
Part 2: How to Extract DNA From Anything Living! (this part needs to follow the lab write-up format)
Problem: What is the appearance of DNA when it is isolated from the rest of the cell?
Hypothesis: write in an if…then…format
Materials: list the materials you used
Method: briefly summarize the steps you took in the lab
Note: Place isopropyl alcohol into the freezer…it should work better!
Results: (Make a sketch of the test tube with labels for each layer.)
Discussion/Analysis:
Why did we need to use the liquid soap? (hint: what does the soap do to the cell membranes?)
Why did we add enzymes to the solution?
Try at least on other experiment with DNA extraction. What did you change? What was the result?
DNA can be isolated from any cell in a manner similar to this. What could extracted DNA be used for?
The DNA of all organisms contains the same four bases – adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. What might this similarity indicate about the origins of life on Earth?
Conclusion: Answer the problem question.

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