Explain direct and indirect exposure measurements and the difference between the two. Using two different specific pollutants, explain how each might be measured by both direct and indirect exposure measurements.
Explain direct and indirect exposure
Explain the difference between the two
Specific pollutant 1: how it can be measured by direct and indirect exposure measurement.
Specific pollutant 1: how it can be measured by direct and indirect exposure measurement.
(2) Define exposure, potential dose, and internal dose Using a specific pollutant for each exposure route (dermal, ingestion, inhalation), explain at least two different factors that may affect each dose as it sequentially moves through each exposure pathway.
Answer requirements:
Define: potential dose, internal dose, exposure
Specific pollutant for ingestion
Factor 1 that affects potential dose, internal dose, exposure
Factor 2 that affects potential dose, internal dose, exposure
Specific pollutant for inhalation
Factor 1 that affects potential dose, internal dose, exposure
Factor 2 that affects potential dose, internal dose, exposure
Specific pollutant for dermal
Factor 1 that affects potential dose, internal dose, exposure
Factor 2 that affects potential dose, internal dose, exposure
(3) Using a specific pollutant for inhalation exposure, explain how much of the potential dose would get into the alveolar region of the lung and why? Note: answers should be quantitative (e.g. 40%, half, etc. )
(4) At what diameter are particles inhalable? What happens to the other particles that are not inhalable? Of those inhalable particles, please describe how they are inhaled and deposited into the different parts of the lung. How does their size affect where they settle and explain how the different parts of the lung deal with the particles (include structural descriptions of the different parts of the lung)?
(5) Compare the barriers of the lung with that of the skin and digestive tract. How do the structures differ? How are they the same? How do these differences affect the route of pollutant penetration?
(6) Name two pollutants for each route that are very easily absorbed through each route of exposure (lung, skin, and digestive tract) and explain why they are easily absorbed. Describe how each of their chemical/ physical characteristics aids in their absorption.
Clarification: There should be a total of six different pollutants: 2 unique pollutants for inhalation, 2 unique pollutants for skin, and 2 unique pollutants for the digestive tract.
(7) You are tasked with taking soil samples from a potentially contaminated field with an area of 50 by 100 feet next to an abandoned chemical factory. There are suspected “hot spots” of chemical contamination within the field, especially around sheds where chemical drums were stored. You need to get a good survey of what chemicals are present, where they are, and their contamination levels. Name two potential probability-based sampling designs you might employ. Why would you consider these two sampling designs and how would they help you identify hot spots in the sample area? Assume that money is not a factor when conducting your study.
(8) What is the difference between accuracy and precision? What factors would affect the accuracy and precision of your data from question 7? What might you do while analyzing the samples to improve accuracy? What might you do while collecting the samples to improve accuracy?
(9) Explain what Fick’s law calculates and why it is important in estimating dermal dose. What assumptions are made in Fick’s first law? Name at least two specific assumptions.
(10) How does an ADD calculation differ with carcinogenic vs. non-carcinogenic compounds? Please explain the rationale behind this.
(11)Why is calculating a reference dose important? Name at least two UF (uncertainty factors) and two MF (modifying factors).
(12)Why is calculating a margin of exposure (MOE) important? What would the MOE of dioxin be and why? Does this pose a concern and why
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