From Theory to Research

Using your annotated bibliography from Week 2, write a literature review of 3–4 pages. Many peer-reviewed academic journal articles contain a literature review section. Research to find and read several of these.
The literature review is not a listing of abstracts or simple paraphrasing. If your introduction and literature review are combined, ensure that each specific point in establishing the importance of your topic is supported by citations of proper sources. The points you are emphasizing are a reflection of the research and findings that you have developed around your chosen topic. Your ultimate paper is your own unique perspective, and in the literature review, you are assembling related research to support your own work.
Assignment Guidelines
Using your annotated bibliography from Week 2, conduct a literature review of your selected sources.
Your literature review should be 3–4 pages in length.

Annotated Bibliography:

Olsen, A. S. H. (2021). The juvenile delinquency board as a new system to end criminal behavior amongst minors: An explorative study of the professional experiences.
Olsen summarizes the recently passed reforms in Denmark that were termed as “All actions have consequences.” Despite the age at which one commits a crime, it should be noted that no one is above the law, and hence wrongdoing should be rectified as specified by the constitution. The article revealed that there has been obstacles towards children’s protection as intended in the Juvenile Delinquency act. Also, it is challenging to handle minors that are diagnosed with psychiatric issues. However, the act plays a significant role in the decision-making process when a child is involved in criminal activity. The essence of this source is to provide evidence-based information regarding the rights of children who commit illegal actions. Children are the intended audience.
Reil, J., Lambie, I., Horwood, J., & Becroft, A. (2020). Children who offend: Why are prevention and intervention efforts to reduce persistent criminality so seldom applied: psychology, Public Policy, and Law.
Reil et al. (2021) discuss that children who engage in criminal activities are most likely to cause economic and social harm even in their adult life. The article establishes the challenges that have been experienced in understanding the best way to prevent re-offending. According to the authors, some of the drawbacks of crime prevention research initiatives include the inability to apply evidence-based interventions consistently in the process. The target population for these authors are the children and the youth. However, the paper majors more on child offending and the findings show that child offending has mainly been neglected in welfare. This is in line with Spencer and Quaranta’s article discussion. The article will provide supporting evidence to my work regarding why intervention efforts are seldom applied.
Crawley, K., & Hirschfield, P. (2018). Examining the school-to-prison pipeline metaphor. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice.
Kayla and Paul discuss the school-to-prison metaphor that has become a source of support to the juvenile and criminal justice system. The analogy is composed of several disciplinary policies and practices which assist in identifying troublesome students and especially those involved in illegal activities in the past. The techniques and procedures significantly depend on external forces to function as expected. For instance, federal laws regulate how the system handles juveniles or youths that are found offensive. The article is essential in establishing the relationship between out-of-school suspensions and chances of school dropout. The study covers young adults and children.
Binik, O., Ceretti, A., Cornelli, R., Schadee, H., Verde, A., & Gatti, U. (2019). Neighbourhood social capital, juvenile delinquency, and victimization: Results from the international self-report delinquency study-3 in 23 countries. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 25(3), 241-258.
The study identifies the developments that have occurred in the field of criminology over the years. According to the authors, social capital, social disorganization, and collective efficacy have increased interest among criminologists. However, researchers have shown disagreements on the issue of crime resulting from social impact. Some aspects such as social disorganization have proved to be significant causes of criminal activities, especially in the current generation. Current children learn from their surroundings. Most of the time, children are forced to learn from strangers in society or via social media devices and platforms since their parents are busy working. The authors chose to focus on the effect that social disorganization and capital had on children’s growth. This will inform my research work with information regarding the requirements of a lawful society to prevent crime among children.
Cox, S. M., Kochol, P., & Hedlund, J. (2018). The exploration of risk and protective score differences across juvenile offending career types and their effects on recidivism. Youth violence and juvenile justice, 16(1), 77-96.
The article seeks to expound more on youth violence and juvenile justice. Though most authors have researched the extent of violence among youths and juveniles termed guilty, few studies have shown little to no effort put into protecting children from violent juvenile offenders. The study focuses on the rights of children and uses juvenile court risk assessments to achieve its objectives. The study also establishes the connection between juvenile criminal behavior and adult illegal activities. The findings show that most individuals who practice criminal activities in childhood are most likely to indulge in such behavior even in their adult life.
Thompson, K. C., & Morris, R. J. (2016). Juvenile delinquency and disability. In Juvenile Delinquency and Disability (pp. 31-39). Springer, Cham.
Kristin and Richard argue that the juvenile justice system has made significant steps towards enhancing the protection of children. Progress has played a crucial role in understanding the developmental differences and implications of juvenile delinquency. The study will help expound knowledge on the relationship between childhood criminal behavior and adult criminal behavior. The study is unique as it reveals the shortcomings of the juvenile justice system towards acknowledging and responding to the potential issues or challenges experienced by children in juvenile courts. The authors paid attention to children with disabilities, mental health problems, educational or development challenges, and how the justice system handles them.
Lochner, L. (2020). Education and crime. In The economics of education (pp. 109-117). Academic Press.
According to economic theory, the authors claim there is a negative correlation between various types of crimes and educational attainment. In other words, most children that are involved in criminal activities perform poorly because their minds are preoccupied with the offenses they plan or want to commit. This reduces their attention and, ultimately, their school performance. The authors argue that consistent school attendance has been associated with lowering criminal activity among school-going children. The primary target group is the juveniles. The paper will provide information that will describe the various challenges that criminal-minded children go through and the reasons for their involvement.
Mohammad, T., Nooraini, I., & Hussin, N. A. M. (2020). Operationalizing routine activity theory in juvenile delinquency: A social work perspective. International Social Work, 63(2), 220-231.
The article focuses on the interventions that social workers can use to assist children involved in criminal activities. It is strongly believed that through behavior change, children can stop practicing crimes and dedicate their lives towards living following the law. The article uses the routine activity theory, which Felson and Cohen introduced. The study intended to apply the view in juvenile matters to operationalize the elements of the approach. They include the motivation of the offender, suitable target, and the absence of guardianship. The article is critical to my research. It will provide information on how factors such as the absence of control affect the growth and development of a child and its contribution to adverse life outcomes such as crimes.

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