How powerful is a state? How powerful should it be? These questions have been debated since the Revolution. Under the Articles of Confederation, states had significantly higher power than the national government; there was an attempt at more balance in the Constitution. Yet the debate over the power of each level of government continued to be debated, and this debate formed some of the reasoning behind having a Bill of Rights, led to the formation of two political parties, and formed the basis of many conflicts in U.S. history. In the Federalist Era, James Madison and Thomas Jefferson wrote the “Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions” in reaction to the Alien and Sedition Acts; their work outlined their beliefs of where national law overreached and states should be able to counter that law. And in the Age of Jackson, the issue arose again in relation to the tariffs.
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