Please number and answer the following questions, based on lectures as well as readings and occasionally a video. When you refer to the reading in your answer, put the author’s last name in parentheses – example: (Steinbugler). Do not repeat the question; simply number then answer. Your total word count for this exam should be minimum 1500 words. At the top of your exam please put your name, class, and word count. You will submit this Exam as a Word doc via Canvas by the due date/time posted in Canvas. All answers must be in your own words; no direct quoting from lecture material or readings is allowed. In other words, you of course will summarize points from the readings, but the key word is summarize. You must put the readings’ points into your own words; please do not quote word-for-word from the readings. Please note that while this exam is open (that is, open-note, open-book), you MAY NOT work with other people on this exam. This exam is to be completed by you individually; any collaboration with other people on this exam constitutes cheating, so please be sure to work independently. Please note that exams that are late or under the word count or have direct quoting will not be accepted.
1. Based on the Module Sexual Orientation lecture: What does it mean to say that sexuality is socially constructed? Explain with examples two ways that LGBTQIA+ individuals face stigma/discrimination in the US. From the reading (30)Zangari, Low, Query: What does it mean to identify as asexual? Explain with two examples how asexual individuals are diverse. Finally, give one reason/motive with an example of why individuals in this study came out as asexual, and then give one reason/motive with an example of why individuals in this study did not come out as asexual.
2. Based on the Module Race-Ethnicity and Sex lecture: What is the difference between race and ethnicity? What does it mean to say that race is socially constructed? From the reading (C)Steinbugler: What does the author mean by moments of visibility? Define and give two examples. What does the author mean by visual dislocation? Define and give two examples.
3. Based on the Module Disability and Sex lecture: Explain the difference between the medical model of disability vs the social model of disability. Which model do social scientists and disability rights activists generally prefer and why? Explain two challenges (with examples) for a disabled person in finding a partner. From the reading (14)Erickson, define and then give two examples of systemic ableism. Why did Erickson become a porn star?
4. Based on the Module Sexual Bodies reading (25)Hall: What is the author’s research question as well as his sample and methodology? Explain his main research findings with three examples. Based on the reading (26)Braun: What is the author’s research question as well as her sample and methodology? Explain her main research findings with three examples.
5. Based on the Module Sex for Sale lecture and the documentary “Not My Life”: What are some reasons why individuals choose to enter the field of sex work? What is the primary reason for entering sex work, and give one example of this from the documentary “Not My Life.” Next, based on the Module Sexual Violence lecture and the documentary “The Hunting Ground” and the readings (52)Stemple&Meyer and (51)Martin: What is the most common form of rape? Are all victims of sexual assault women? Explain with examples from both the readings and the documentary. How do colleges/universities often respond to reports of sexual assault, and why do they react this way? Explain with examples.
LINKS TO ANSWER QUESTIONS
https://fau.mediasite.com/Mediasite/Play/376bce14d7054fe58100bb69db2622d91d (question1)
https://fau.mediasite.com/Mediasite/Play/d5157a9a195f45249089670eeb271c681d (question2)
https://fau.mediasite.com/Mediasite/Play/f0d91326deb64b48a226c8723521240d1d (question3)
https://fau.kanopy.com/product/sexy-baby-documentary-about-sexiness-and-c (question4)
https://www.a21.org/content/404-not-found/gqfl34 (question 5)
https://fau.kanopy.com/product/not-my-life (question 5)
I.
RAPE
A.
DEFINITION
although legal definition of rape varies from state to state, most state laws define rape as
sexual intercourse occurring under actual or threatened forcible compulsion that
overcomes the earnest resistance of the victim
B.
STATISTICS
difficult to know true statistics because rape is vastly underreported –
according to FBI, 94,635 females nationwide reported being raped in 2004 –
however, government agencies like U.S. Dept of Justice estimate that the percentage of
rapes that women victims report to police or other public agencies is probably around
12% to 28% or so –
so based on the estimates of underreporting, it is likely that the actual number of rapes
occurring in 2004 ranged from 338,000 to 795,000
—
note also that men are raped as well, although huge problem of underreporting – it is
estimated that only 1 in 10 male rapes are reported to police – men who report being
raped often face harsh societal attitudes, even from law enforcement (some police
officers, especially men) – men also underreport probably because of our society’s ideas
about gender, that men are supposed to be emotionally and physically strong, and
somehow rape renders them weak or “not a real man” – male victims of rape have
received very little media attention or attention in the m
SEXUAL BODIES
I.
CONTRACEPTION
A.
HISTORY
– in 1870s due to Comstock laws, contraceptive information was illegal, so only legal
birth control was abstinence
– first birth control pills came on market in 1960 after research and testing in Puerto Rico
– prior to 1965 Supreme Court ruling, states could prohibit use of contraceptives by
married people
– in 1972 Supreme court decriminalized the use of contraceptives by single people
B.
PRESENT
– birth control has allowed for
sexual intimacy without risk of pregnancy
children are more likely to be born to parents who are prepared for to raise them
spacing kids at least 18 months apart increases newborn health
increased equality between women and men
– although many religious organizations favor birth control, some groups still don’t
ex: Catholic Church says only abstinence and planning based on menstrual cycle,
although most Catholics in U.S. use contraception and want the Pope’s position to change
II.
ABORTION
A.
STATISTICS
– each year, 3 million women in U.S. have unplanned pregnancies
– 1.3 million abortions each year in U.S.:
53% of women who have abortions are age 25 or younger;
20% are younger than 19;
33% are between 20 and 25
young unmarried white women obtain the most abortions
married women have 20% of the abortions in a given year
among women having an abortion, 43% are Protestant and 27% are Catholic
– U.S/ has one of the higher abortion rates in industrialized world – other countries have
lower rates because they offer paid parental leave, health care, comprehensive sex
education and birth control and emergency contraception in schools, livable minimum
wage, etc – 2/3 of women in U.S. who have abortions say primary reason is that they
cannot afford to have child, and 60% of abortions occur among those with annual income
below $28,000 for family of three
B.
LAWS
– 1973 Roe v Wade legalized abortion before the fetus reaches viability (sixth or seventh
month of pregnancy)
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