1. Describe the structure of the DNA double helix including the bonds involved.
2. Explain how the
accuracy of DNA replication is
maintained.
3. Compare and contrast DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase in terms of
function, template, and product.
4. What are the 3 major
types of RNA and what is the function of each?
5. Provide 2 reasons why
transcription and translation occur simultaneously in prokaryotes but not in
eukaryotes.
6. The xyl operon is transcribed
when xylose is present and not transcribed when xylose is absent. What type of
operon is this? Explain how it works.
(*likely to be worded a little differently on the exam)
7. The His operon is transcribed
when histidine is absent and blocked when histidine is present. What type of
operon is this? Explain how it works.
(*likely to be worded a little differently on the exam)
8. Describe two
mechanisms by which chemical mutagens cause point mutations (nonsense,
missense) and frameshifts.
9. What are nucleoside
analogs and what is the rationale for their use in cancer treatment?
10.Explain the spread of
antibiotic resistance using all of the following terms: R factor (R plasmid),
transformation, horizontal transfer, and transposons.
11.What are the features
of a plasmid used for gene cloning?
12.What is cDNA? How is
it made? Why is it necessary for cloning a eukaryotic gene into a prokaryotic
host cell?
13.Why are prokaryotic
cells preferred as hosts for gene cloning? When would it be necessary to use a
eukaryotic cell as a host?
14.What is PCR? Describe the process of PCR. Why is PCR
necessary for verification of some viral infections?
15. Describe the
(typical) procedure for Covid-19 testing. How is it possible for the test to
yield false positive results?
16.Explain why an
antimicrobial such as penicillin has a better therapeutic index than many other
antimicrobial agents.
17.Why are protozoan and
viral infections more difficult to treat than bacterial infections?
18.Most of the
antibiotics we use today are semi-synthetic derivatives of antibiotics produced
by bacteria. What are some potential benefits of producing these antibiotics?
19.Provide 3 reasons why
we are in danger of running out of useful antibiotics.
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