Convention describes the Song dynasty as a “turning point” in Chinese history. Prior to this era,
an aristocratic culture placed more value on bloodline than ability and the apex of society
embraced only a small number of old families. In addition, economic activity and urbanization
were rather modest in the Tang while government institutions were also limited in this time.
However, compared to the Tang, the Song had become a brilliant and innovative age
characterized by rapid economic growth as well as social and cultural changes. These changes
include the expansion of civil-service examinations, the rising prominence of scholar-officials,
the rise of Neo-Confucianism, re-definition of gendered space, thriving artistic and literary
achievements, and an affluent urban culture. Please write an essay to elaborate some of the
above-mentioned aspects to illustrate the new developments during the Tang-Song
Transformation.
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