each student will respond to at least two classmates with 450–600 words, incorporate at least 2 scholarly (peer-reviewed) articles, 1 biblical application/integration, and include substantive analysis and insights. Citations and references must follow current APA style.
Discussion Board: GEM of a Study
What are the independent and dependent variables in this study?
Variables depend on the relationship the researchers studying where there is at least one independent variable and one dependent variable (Schindler, 2022). The conceptual model independent includes: the of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), general national framework conditions; entrepreneurial framework conditions; social, cultural, and political contexts; entrepreneurial opportunities; entrepreneurial capacity; and business dynamics. Entrepreneurial conditions include financial, government policies, programs, education, training, research and design, infrastructure, access to market openness. General national framework variables include openness, government, financial markets, technology, infrastructure, management skills, labor markets, and institutions. Business dynamic variables are those of birth to death and contraction or expansion of the environment. Entrepreneurial opportunities and capacity include variables of perception, existence, skill, and motivation. Throughout the research over 10 nations these variables, while not entirely dependent on each other, are malleable and able to be manipulated.
The dependent variable in this study is the measurable national economic growth through gross domestic product and employment.
Research is truth seeking, the quest for empirical truths, or evidence to support a hypothesis with validity and trust in the process. The bible is this tool for the foundational Christian truths that guides our daily lives. The Bible is the inspired word of God through which he speaks to us and reveals his character to us. “All Scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching… and training” (2 Tim 3:16, English Standard Version, 2022). We are made in his image and desire to seek understanding though limited in capacity to understand it all. Using these principles of Biblical principles, we can seek to answer questions, find relationships, and correlations to observations. “Blessed is the one who finds wisdom, and the one who gets understanding” (Prv. 3:13, ESV, 2022).
What are some of the intervening, extraneous, and moderating variables that the study attempted to control with its 10-nation design?
Causal effects on interventions on outcomes are important to assess to identify the value of the effectiveness of variable manipulation. Intervening variables cannot be measured but are inferred as they affect the dependent variable (Schindler, 2022). Extraneous variables are almost infinite and may contain control variables and confounding variables (Schindler, 2022). The extraneous variables of the 10 nations include social, cultural, and political considerations. These also include culture, equity, debt, research and design, education, subcontracting, and legal or banking variables that influence the dependent variable. The researchers compensated for a lack of control of these extraneous variables with a diversity in framework conditions, entrepreneurial sectors, business dynamics, and economic growth.
Another important variable is the researcher’s moderators of the study. The effects of the moderator’s and mediators in a study can inform and recommend future research opportunities (Becker et al., 2020). Examining the perspectives and effect of the moderators on the study is important when studying culture. Understanding a culture outside of one is native can elicit inherent biases which must be mitigated. Moderator analyses allow for further inquiry into interventions, intervening, and extraneous variables that have no effect on the control but do affect a different input variable (Becker et al., 2020).
As researchers or students reading works, we have a duty to critically think about the subject matter and whether the evidence adequately and truthfully supports the hypothesis. As a Christian, research done with a foundation in the Lord’s truths is the framework in which we view all interactions within our lives. “If any of you lacks wisdom, let him ask God, who gives generously” (Jam. 1:5, ESV, 2022). Discerning whether extraneous variables over diverse cultures affect the design and outcomes in the Christian perspectives offers an additional variable of faith-based cultures. In the lens of Christianity viewing Judeo-Christian economies may look different than those of agnostic, Hinduism, or any other mindset.
Can you do a causal study without controlling intervening, extraneous, and moderating variables?
No, the variables of the study contribute the comprehensive research and offer valuable insight through a multifaceted approach. Causal studies need measured variables, and the multiple avenues increase the validity of the study. The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Entrepreneurial Assessment is a joint effort, large-scale project, and multistage research looking at the causal links between the government’s initiatives and outcomes for economic growth (Schindler, 2022). The correlation between the major types of relationships in a causal study include symmetrical, reciprocal, and asymmetrical where without the extraneous variables these relationships are unknown and may skew the support of the hypothesis in the research. (Schindler, 2022).
The political landscape of the culture contributes to the effects of the variables on the outcome of increased economic growth and employment. It is considered that democracy is a robust predictor of positive effects of peace, trade, human rights, and food security (Agné, 2020). Understanding the theoretical implications of democracy on political outcomes explains the traditional assumptions about cultures and explanations of differing communication styles (Agné, 2020). Casual studies need a baseline of control from which variations from manipulating the variables are measured against the hypothesized outcome.
What is the impact on study results of using national experts (key informants) to identify and weigh entrepreneurial framework conditions?
The main dimensions of culture affect the identity, power, gender, uncertainty, and time value which a national culture adheres. These cultural differences in extraneous variables contribute to the unique entrepreneurial perception of support, motivation, and initiative. Understanding the cultural environment in terms of social, political, and dimensions allows researchers to identify those that promote better entrepreneurial initiative and correlate the economic gross domestic product and employment figures.
The impact of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions is positively correlated to innovation within certain values such as long-term orientation (Gallego-Álvarez & Pucheta-Martínez, 2021). Therefore, when researching the 10 nations within the GEM framework identifying those common cultural values that produce innovation and motivation may steer researchers to identify the causes or correlation to the strength of the gross domestic product and employment levels. In Hofstede’s cultural dimensions positive innovation is affected by national culture’s response to power distance, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term orientation whereas individualism negatively impacts it (Gallego-Álvarez & Pucheta-Martínez, 2021).
Can you do a causal study when much of the primary data collected is descriptive opinion and ordinal or interval data?
No, this longitudinal study on the effects of the GEM framework to predict economic growth needs monitoring over a period to assess the multifaceted variables from the nations in the study. Descriptive, predictive, and explanatory are personality research that aim to delineate associations from other variables (Mõttus et al., 2020). Descriptive findings are the basis for building predictive and explanatory models and establishing causal relations between variables requires stronger evidence than cross-sectional correlations (Mõttus et al., 2020). Causal studies need evidence, measure, or observation to support inductive conclusion to conclude empirically that A forces or produces B through covariation, time, and exclusion (Schindler, 2022). With nominal scales the information is mutually exclusive of each other, ordinal includes an indication of order, and interval incorporates equity into the mix making this study incompatible with these definitions (Schindler, 2022).
References
Agné, H. (2020). Why does global democracy not inspire explanatory research? Removing conceptual obstacles toward a new research agenda. Journal of International Political Theory, 16(1), 68-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/1755088218801659
Becker, H., Stuifbergen, A.K., Zhang, W., & Sales, A. C. (2020). Moderator effects in intervention studies. Nursing Research, 69 (1). https://journals.lww.com/nursingresearchonline/Abstract/2020/01000/Moderator_Effects_in_Intervention_Studies.8.aspx
Gallego-Álvarez, I., & Pucheta-Martínez, M. C. (2021). Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and R&D intensity as an innovation strategy: A view from different institutional contexts. Eurasian Business Review, 11(2), 191-220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40821-020-00168-4
Mõttus, R., Wood, D., Condon, D. M., Back, M. D., Baumert, A., Costantini, G., Epskamp, S., Greiff, S., Johnson, W., Lukaszewski, A., Murray, A., Revelle, W., Wright, A. G. C., Yarkoni, T., Ziegler, M., & Zimmermann, J. (2020). Descriptive, predictive, and explanatory personality research: Different goals, different approaches, but a shared need to move beyond the big few traits. European Journal of Personality, 34(6), 1175-1201. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2311
Schindler, P. S. (2022). Business research methods (14th ed.). McGraw-Hill. https://prod.reader-ui.prod.mheducation.com/epub
Last Completed Projects
| topic title | academic level | Writer | delivered |
|---|