1) What is the difference between probability and judgemental sampling designs? Why would one be used over the other?
2) How many ppm exists in a sample of air that contains 25 mg/m3 of sulfur dioxide gas? (Hint: use the “gas law”)
3) Name two differences that indoor versus outdoor exposures may have on a population’s health and why. Please be specific.
4) Name two distinct potential sources of primarily indoor pollution and two distinct potential sources of primarily outdoor pollution. What are the routes of exposure for each potential source? What environmental laws (if any) cover each pollutant? Do these laws do an accurate job of protecting the public from each of these pollutants? Please explain why or why not.
5) Give two examples of non-dietary ingestion and explain how these exposures happen.
6) You are a risk assessor and have been asked to look at the risks posed by a leaking municipal waste dump. The dump was created in the 1930s, lies along the shore of a river, and there are families living less than one mile away. Although there are hundreds of chemicals leaking from this dump, the primary chemicals of concern are polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chromium, both of which are known to be hazardous to human and ecological health. These chemicals are known to be present in the soil on top of the dump as well as in groundwater and surface water in the river. Discuss the potential exposure pathways that might be important for this site. Your boss has asked you to be very thorough and consider all the possible targets for these chemicals, both human and animal. Hint: A good way to do this is to sketch out the pathway from the contaminated media to the particular target (human or animal). Clarification: The exposure pathway is the physical course an environmental agent takes from its source to those who eventually receive it. For example, agricultural use of pesticides may contaminate crops, the soil, and the air. Some pesticide remains on crops when they are harvested and distributed. Eventually, the food (and the pesticide) are ingested by a human.
7) What is an infiltration factor? Name two things that may increase it and name two things that may decrease it.
8) How does the “proximity effect” factor into personal exposures in an indoor single-compartment chamber model?
9) Describe the concentration versus time curve characteristics of the step time and rectangular time functions within a one-compartment model. Name one pollutant source that behaves the same way as each type of curve.
10) What is a Monte Carlo Simulation and how is it used? Name one advantage in using such a model.
11) Name and describe two differences between indoor and outdoor pollutant modeling. Please be specific.
12) What is physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling and how might the different compartments in such a model reflect dioxin exposure?
13) List at least two possible limitations to relying on models. Please explain your reasoning.
14) What is the human exposure reduction act as described in the textbook? What is it meant to do? Do you think it would make a positive contribution toward limiting human exposure to toxic pollutants? Why or why not?
15) Name two sources of pollution that current environmental laws do not protect the public against and explain why. Please be specific
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