What were the tensions between the goals of the British colonial administration in London, and the objectives of the South African government?

(1) Based on a close reading of Marks, describe the relationship between South Africa and the British colonies or possessions in southern Africa before 1960. How were those territories — including Bechuanaland, Basutoland, Swaziland, and especially North and South Rhodesia — affected by developments in South Africa itself? What were the tensions between the goals of the British colonial administration in London, and the objectives of the South African government? Think of economic issues as well as government policy towards “native [African] affairs” and settlers.
(2) What happened to African traditional societies as a result of the rise of the mining and industrial sectors in South Africa? What happened to the status of chiefs and other traditional rulers or elders? How did the British colonial government and the South African state respond to these changes? Think of the weakening of links in traditional rural society, especially with the increased need for cash. Use terms such as detribalization, subsistence agriculture, indirect rule, etc.
(3) Based on Nelson Mandela’s autobiographical account of being a lawyer in 1950s Johannesburg (the largest city in South African then and now), what were some of the challenges facing Africans in South Africa’s urban areas? On the other hand, according to Marks, how did Africans respond to the opportunities for social and economic freedom made possible by urbanization in the mining centers and other hubs of industrialization in South Africa and neighboring countries?

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