Which assessment data (by the nurse or lab) should be monitored during fluid replacement therapy to determine when adequate volume has been restored?

Case 2 (Chapter 5): Fluids and Electrolytes; Acid-Base
Source: Copstead, L. & Banasik, J. (2006). Pathophysiology (3rd ed.). Mosby.
Helpful resources for Case Study 2:
U.S. National Library of Medicine: Diarrhea
U.S. National Library of Medicine: Nausea and Vomiting
T.J. is a 46-year-old science professor brought to urgent care this afternoon by his wife. T.J. has been at home for 3 days with severe diarrhea and vomiting. His youngest daughter was hospitalized earlier in the week with similar symptoms. T.J. has no significant medical history and takes no medications. Examination reveals an ill-appearing, pale, diaphoretic man who is having difficulty concentrating and answering questions. He has diffuse abdominal pain. Vital signs are as follows: Lying—HR 100, BP 100/80, resp. 26, temp. 100. Sitting—HR 136, BP 90/60. He has not urinated since yesterday morning.
Case Questions:
In addition to vital signs, what other laboratory or clinical assessment data performed by the nurse would be helpful in assessing T.J.’s fluid-electrolyte and acid-base status?
Considering his history, what is the most likely fluid abnormality, and how should it be managed?
Which assessment data (by the nurse or lab) should be monitored during fluid replacement therapy to determine when adequate volume has been restored?
How might persistent vomiting and diarrhea alter acid-base balance?

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