Read the attached article (download below) and identify six (6) design considerations your will address in your office design.
Designing your New Medical Office Space (pdf, 347.8 KB)
Record your observations in written form on 8 1/2 x 11 sheet(s).
Purpose
Understanding important considerations in designing a medical office.
Best Writer
Sensation/Perception
Sensation/Perception
Have you ever noticed how the same experience can be different in different situations? Read chapter 4 Sensation and Perception in your text book. The processes of sensation and perception can be influenced by the environment in which we experience the stimulus. Briefly describe a situation in which you believe that your sensation and/or perception was altered by your environment. What sensory mode was changed and in what way? How would your sensation or perception of this same experience in another setting be different? Use one of the sensation or perceptual concepts discussed in the textbook in chapter 4 that is likely an explanation for your experience. For your example be sure to choose one of the sensory or perceptual concepts (attention, illusory conjunctions, principles of perceptual organization discussed in the text, and NOT anything due to pure physiological changes discussed in the “sensory adaptation” section of the text book.
Formatting instructions
– Manuscript should be 1.0 – 1.5 page in length, longer will be penalized
– Text must be double spaced with one inch margins, or will be penalized
– Typed in 12 point “Times New Roman” font, or will be penalized
– APA format reference of your textbook in the text of the paper, or will be penalized
Additional Information and Hints For Your Paper
– Be creative with your example; do not just adapt one presented in the book.
– For your personal experience, do more than tell your story: Show explicitly how you are applying the information to your own experience.
Look over the grading rubric to see how your paper will be evaluated before you write.
write a summary of an empirical article covering an area of cognitive research
To build on your understanding of theories and methods in cognitive psychology, you will write a summary of an empirical article covering an area of cognitive research. The summary should be in your own words; it’s plagiarism if you use the article’s verbatim statements. The paper should include a title page and two pages of content (3 pages total). The summary should be in APA style as much as possible.
Your title page should have your name, course section, and the title of the article (this is an exception to the APA style). The content pages should include the following:
From the Introduction section of the article: Describe the theory (or theories) being tested (4 points), the current state of our knowledge (i.e., previous studies reported) (4 points), and the hypotheses of the experiment(s) (2 points). Total = 10 points
From the Method section of the article: Describe the basic task(s) that was/were used to test the main question(s) of interest (5 points). Do you think the task(s) was/ were appropriate to test the hypotheses?? Explain (3 points). Total = 8 points. (if necessary use headings for each experiment when the study involved multiple experiments)
From the Result section of the article: Describe the most important Main Effect(s). If there are Interaction(s) you should describe these as well. (If you don’t recall these terms review basic statistics from your stats course or any credible website). Be specific. (7 points). (if necessary use headings for each experiment)
From the Discussion section of the article: Explain whether the results matched the predicted hypotheses. Describe the interpretation given and how the results connect to theory presented in the Introduction or offered only in the Discussion (5 points).
analyzing a feature article
Format:
– Include a running header top right with your name, page number
– Double space
– Indicate new paragraphs by indenting (don’t put an extra space between paragraphs unless you intend to create a “space break”)
Rubric – marks will be divided between three elements: tone, content and structure.
Writing
Accurate and effective grammar and punctuation
Minimal spelling errors
Proper word choice
Voice
Is your voice consistent to the piece
Is the source of the content reliable/believable
Creative Content
Are there moments of tension
Are there descriptive passages and figures of speech
Are there telling details and moments of “show don’t tell”
Are you pulling the most dynamic quotes
Story organization
Has attention been paid to story structure (starting with a lead, moving into your theme, your most dynamic material until you get to a conclusion)
Efforts to avoid repetition
Narrative Arc
Is there a clear beginning, middle and end
Is the theme clearly spelled out
Does this article flow well
Are the transitions seamless
Journalistic elements
Is the story balanced
Are the facts accurate
Are statistics woven through the story effectively
Assignment 2: Internal & External Communication
About the Assignment
For this assignment, you will submit an essay analyzing a sample situation and making recommendations for moving forward. Within the essay, you will include several technical documents, including an incident report, memos, and a website page. Be sure to use proper MLA formatting and include three credible sources to support your claims and reasoning for your choice of actions. You may use graphics in any of your sections, but they are not required. The essay, incident report, memos, and website page should total a minimum of 2,000 words.
Prompt
You are communications lead at The Lookout, a restaurant chain that has become involved in a public health scandal. Customers have become ill from eating at several of your locations, where lettuce and spinach were infected with E. coli. The company is implementing strategies to improve restaurant sanitation, including more thorough training for new and current employees.
Section 1:
Analyze all relevant information, including that from your own research. Begin an essay that explains the problem and your ideas for addressing the situation thoroughly. What internal and external communication strategies should the company use to keep both customers and clients abreast of the situation? Then include a sample incident report that could address all relevant components. Explain your choice of wording.
Section 2:
Write 3-4 memo types addressing the situation from different angles. Topics to consider include:
Explain how the problem can be addressed
Explain the progress to date
Respond to inquiries about the situation
Spread information about the result of any lab reports
Section 3:
Write a website page that explains how the company has fixed the situation and is trying to repair its image. Consider the following:
Reassure the public that the problem has been addressed
Emphasize your company’s commitment to health and safety
Spread information about a free meal promotion
About the Assignment
For this assignment, you will submit an essay analyzing a sample situation and making recommendations for moving forward. Within the essay, you will include several technical documents, including an incident report, memos, and a website page. Be sure to use proper MLA formatting and include three credible sources to support your claims and reasoning for your choice of actions. You may use graphics in any of your sections, but they are not required. The essay, incident report, memos, and website page should total a minimum of 2,000 words.
Demonstrate an in-depth understanding of the legislation by explaining the background and all relevant facts.
Select an active bill at the state or federal level that impacts the professional practice of nursing. In a 3-4 page paper (excluding the title and reference pages), summarize the provisions of the bill and clearly explain what the bill will accomplish. The paper should be no more than 4 pages, typed in Times New Roman using 12-point font, and double-spaced with 1″ margins.
Your review of a bill paper should:
Discuss the major provisions of the bill.
Demonstrate an in-depth understanding of the legislation by explaining the background and all relevant facts.
Discuss any relevant history related to the legislation, pertinent votes, and issues that are stalling the legislation, etc.
Use primary sources for this information.
Identify key supporters and those who do not support the bill. Explain why some of these individuals support the bill and why some do not.
Explore the positions of the key stakeholders in the bill, both pros and cons. Do not make assumptions about potential key stakeholders. Examine this area carefully so you are correctly reflecting the stakeholders positions.
Discuss how the bill would impact a nurse’s ability to provide safe and quality care or to practice to the highest scope of the nursing license.
Explain specific actions that nurses can take to assist with the passage or defeat of the legislation
Use Current APA Style, headings and references as appropriate.
Define the four classic models used to describe the evolution of public relations. How has public relations changed and adapted? Provide an example in each area.
Define the four classic models used to describe the evolution of public relations. How has public relations changed and adapted? Provide an example in each area.
Theoretical Analysis, Synthesis and Application
A case study Consider the case of Jack (33) and his partner Alana (29), who have a son Adam (4) and are expecting their second child. Alana and Jack have been together for 6 years. They met at a bar when Jack travelled to London for business. She recounts that she and Jack “were mad for one another” and “I adored him”, relating a satisfying sexual relationship. Alana, the oldest of three siblings, described her family as disconnected, with her father as a “mean drunk” and her mother as a “mouse”. Alana decided to immigrate to Australia with Jack. Alana is a nurse and describes a successful career. She recounts that when she first met Jack, he was one of the first men who she felt she could depend on and found him willing to “just be with me”. However, after a few months of living together, Jack started picking on Alana for the way she dresses, for the friends that she started hanging out with, became scathing about her job and her capability as a nurse. He also began to “lose his temper” over small things, often and increasingly frequent – he broke things, and twice punched a hole in the door. Alana started walking on eggshells and doubting her own capability; and because she looks up to Jack, who is charming and runs a very successful marketing business, started to think there was something wrong with her and that if she only did everything right, the way Jack liked it, everything would be alright – Jack would once again become the loving, adoring partner and they could go back to the good times they had in the beginning of the relationship. Despite her misgivings, Alana and Jack proceeded with starting a family. When Adam was born, Alana asked Jack to attend counselling to “learn to control his temper”. Alana has to account for her whereabouts every hour of every day. She is not allowed to see her friends now. If she does something wrong Jack punishes her by days of silent treatment, and invariably blames Alana for his outbursts. Their arguments have escalated and become even more frequent over the years. Jack is now both verbally and has been physically abusive. Jack is very remorseful after any incident in which he has physically abused Alana and always promises that “it will never happen again”. Alana feels she has to tiptoe around Jack and is worried about the effect of all this arguing on their son. She is also worried that his physical abuse is becoming more frequent and is concerned for her future now that she is pregnant again. Drawing on the theoretical frameworks we have covered in class ( 1) Attachment Theory & 2) Feminist Theory – including Social Construction Theory which you can use together with Feminism), present a well-condensed interpretation of the case. Use the characteristics of this particular case study to highlight theoretical positions, rather than a general theoretical interpretation of the phenomena presented. In other words, how do the two theoretical frameworks help you make sense of what is going on in this intimate relationship? Please do not use other theoretical perspectives in this unit except what is stated above. Please write in APA 7 format and style, including references, i.e., double-spaced and 12pt font. You do not need a long introduction, or history or conclusion as it is not an essay. Focus on interpreting the factors related to the case study. You may make some assumptions about other factors that contribute to the couple’s situation, but that is not the main focus of the task – that is simply to ease your analysis of the case. Moreover, while you may mention that therapy assists, the task is not about therapeutic ways of intervening but rather on how to understand the situation presented. Please do not use many direct quotes as the main task is to paraphrase what you have read in preparation for this assignment. Bear in mind that you should read and synthesise information from a number of sources whilst simultaneously highlighting the key points in order to reflect your knowledge of the subject matter. You need to select your words carefully so that they capture key points as concisely as possible. Certain key words are pertinent to the subject matter being addressed The goal is to write as succinctly as possible. Do not exceed but maintain the word count as this is part of the assessment criteria. Please do not write in summary form but in complete sentences demonstrating correct grammar usage. OBS: My idea is to write a brief intro <100 Use the elements of the relationship and explain in terms of theories (attachment theory, feminist theory, and social construction theory) Divide around 7 paragraphs where which have 1 idea (150-200 words) that has an explanation of the theory and take as an evidence example from the case. Each example is one problem of the relationship.A case study Consider the case of Jack (33) and his partner Alana (29), who have a son Adam (4) and are expecting their second child. Alana and Jack have been together for 6 years. They met at a bar when Jack travelled to London for business. She recounts that she and Jack “were mad for one another” and “I adored him”, relating a satisfying sexual relationship. Alana, the oldest of three siblings, described her family as disconnected, with her father as a “mean drunk” and her mother as a “mouse”. Alana decided to immigrate to Australia with Jack. Alana is a nurse and describes a successful career. She recounts that when she first met Jack, he was one of the first men who she felt she could depend on and found him willing to “just be with me”. However, after a few months of living together, Jack started picking on Alana for the way she dresses, for the friends that she started hanging out with, became scathing about her job and her capability as a nurse. He also began to “lose his temper” over small things, often and increasingly frequent – he broke things, and twice punched a hole in the door. Alana started walking on eggshells and doubting her own capability; and because she looks up to Jack, who is charming and runs a very successful marketing business, started to think there was something wrong with her and that if she only did everything right, the way Jack liked it, everything would be alright - Jack would once again become the loving, adoring partner and they could go back to the good times they had in the beginning of the relationship. Despite her misgivings, Alana and Jack proceeded with starting a family. When Adam was born, Alana asked Jack to attend counselling to “learn to control his temper”. Alana has to account for her whereabouts every hour of every day. She is not allowed to see her friends now. If she does something wrong Jack punishes her by days of silent treatment, and invariably blames Alana for his outbursts. Their arguments have escalated and become even more frequent over the years. Jack is now both verbally and has been physically abusive. Jack is very remorseful after any incident in which he has physically abused Alana and always promises that “it will never happen again”. Alana feels she has to tiptoe around Jack and is worried about the effect of all this arguing on their son. She is also worried that his physical abuse is becoming more frequent and is concerned for her future now that she is pregnant again. Drawing on the theoretical frameworks we have covered in class ( 1) Attachment Theory & 2) Feminist Theory - including Social Construction Theory which you can use together with Feminism), present a well-condensed interpretation of the case. Use the characteristics of this particular case study to highlight theoretical positions, rather than a general theoretical interpretation of the phenomena presented. In other words, how do the two theoretical frameworks help you make sense of what is going on in this intimate relationship? Please do not use other theoretical perspectives in this unit except what is stated above. Please write in APA 7 format and style, including references, i.e., double-spaced and 12pt font. You do not need a long introduction, or history or conclusion as it is not an essay. Focus on interpreting the factors related to the case study. You may make some assumptions about other factors that contribute to the couple's situation, but that is not the main focus of the task – that is simply to ease your analysis of the case. Moreover, while you may mention that therapy assists, the task is not about therapeutic ways of intervening but rather on how to understand the situation presented. Please do not use many direct quotes as the main task is to paraphrase what you have read in preparation for this assignment. Bear in mind that you should read and synthesise information from a number of sources whilst simultaneously highlighting the key points in order to reflect your knowledge of the subject matter. You need to select your words carefully so that they capture key points as concisely as possible. Certain key words are pertinent to the subject matter being addressed The goal is to write as succinctly as possible. Do not exceed but maintain the word count as this is part of the assessment criteria. Please do not write in summary form but in complete sentences demonstrating correct grammar usage. OBS: My idea is to write a brief intro <100 Use the elements of the relationship and explain in terms of theories (attachment theory, feminist theory, and social construction theory) Divide around 7 paragraphs where which have 1 idea (150-200 words) that has an explanation of the theory and take as an evidence example from the case. Each example is one problem of the relationship.A case study Consider the case of Jack (33) and his partner Alana (29), who have a son Adam (4) and are expecting their second child. Alana and Jack have been together for 6 years. They met at a bar when Jack travelled to London for business. She recounts that she and Jack “were mad for one another” and “I adored him”, relating a satisfying sexual relationship. Alana, the oldest of three siblings, described her family as disconnected, with her father as a “mean drunk” and her mother as a “mouse”. Alana decided to immigrate to Australia with Jack. Alana is a nurse and describes a successful career. She recounts that when she first met Jack, he was one of the first men who she felt she could depend on and found him willing to “just be with me”. However, after a few months of living together, Jack started picking on Alana for the way she dresses, for the friends that she started hanging out with, became scathing about her job and her capability as a nurse. He also began to “lose his temper” over small things, often and increasingly frequent – he broke things, and twice punched a hole in the door. Alana started walking on eggshells and doubting her own capability; and because she looks up to Jack, who is charming and runs a very successful marketing business, started to think there was something wrong with her and that if she only did everything right, the way Jack liked it, everything would be alright - Jack would once again become the loving, adoring partner and they could go back to the good times they had in the beginning of the relationship. Despite her misgivings, Alana and Jack proceeded with starting a family. When Adam was born, Alana asked Jack to attend counselling to “learn to control his temper”. Alana has to account for her whereabouts every hour of every day. She is not allowed to see her friends now. If she does something wrong Jack punishes her by days of silent treatment, and invariably blames Alana for his outbursts. Their arguments have escalated and become even more frequent over the years. Jack is now both verbally and has been physically abusive. Jack is very remorseful after any incident in which he has physically abused Alana and always promises that “it will never happen again”. Alana feels she has to tiptoe around Jack and is worried about the effect of all this arguing on their son. She is also worried that his physical abuse is becoming more frequent and is concerned for her future now that she is pregnant again. Drawing on the theoretical frameworks we have covered in class ( 1) Attachment Theory & 2) Feminist Theory - including Social Construction Theory which you can use together with Feminism), present a well-condensed interpretation of the case. Use the characteristics of this particular case study to highlight theoretical positions, rather than a general theoretical interpretation of the phenomena presented. In other words, how do the two theoretical frameworks help you make sense of what is going on in this intimate relationship? Please do not use other theoretical perspectives in this unit except what is stated above. Please write in APA 7 format and style, including references, i.e., double-spaced and 12pt font. You do not need a long introduction, or history or conclusion as it is not an essay. Focus on interpreting the factors related to the case study. You may make some assumptions about other factors that contribute to the couple's situation, but that is not the main focus of the task – that is simply to ease your analysis of the case. Moreover, while you may mention that therapy assists, the task is not about therapeutic ways of intervening but rather on how to understand the situation presented. Please do not use many direct quotes as the main task is to paraphrase what you have read in preparation for this assignment. Bear in mind that you should read and synthesise information from a number of sources whilst simultaneously highlighting the key points in order to reflect your knowledge of the subject matter. You need to select your words carefully so that they capture key points as concisely as possible. Certain key words are pertinent to the subject matter being addressed The goal is to write as succinctly as possible. Do not exceed but maintain the word count as this is part of the assessment criteria. Please do not write in summary form but in complete sentences demonstrating correct grammar usage. OBS: My idea is to write a brief intro <100 Use the elements of the relationship and explain in terms of theories (attachment theory, feminist theory, and social construction theory) Divide around 7 paragraphs where which have 1 idea (150-200 words) that has an explanation of the theory and take as an evidence example from the case. Each example is one problem of the relationship.A case study Consider the case of Jack (33) and his partner Alana (29), who have a son Adam (4) and are expecting their second child. Alana and Jack have been together for 6 years. They met at a bar when Jack travelled to London for business. She recounts that she and Jack “were mad for one another” and “I adored him”, relating a satisfying sexual relationship. Alana, the oldest of three siblings, described her family as disconnected, with her father as a “mean drunk” and her mother as a “mouse”. Alana decided to immigrate to Australia with Jack. Alana is a nurse and describes a successful career. She recounts that when she first met Jack, he was one of the first men who she felt she could depend on and found him willing to “just be with me”. However, after a few months of living together, Jack started picking on Alana for the way she dresses, for the friends that she started hanging out with, became scathing about her job and her capability as a nurse. He also began to “lose his temper” over small things, often and increasingly frequent – he broke things, and twice punched a hole in the door. Alana started walking on eggshells and doubting her own capability; and because she looks up to Jack, who is charming and runs a very successful marketing business, started to think there was something wrong with her and that if she only did everything right, the way Jack liked it, everything would be alright - Jack would once again become the loving, adoring partner and they could go back to the good times they had in the beginning of the relationship. Despite her misgivings, Alana and Jack proceeded with starting a family. When Adam was born, Alana asked Jack to attend counselling to “learn to control his temper”. Alana has to account for her whereabouts every hour of every day. She is not allowed to see her friends now. If she does something wrong Jack punishes her by days of silent treatment, and invariably blames Alana for his outbursts. Their arguments have escalated and become even more frequent over the years. Jack is now both verbally and has been physically abusive. Jack is very remorseful after any incident in which he has physically abused Alana and always promises that “it will never happen again”. Alana feels she has to tiptoe around Jack and is worried about the effect of all this arguing on their son. She is also worried that his physical abuse is becoming more frequent and is concerned for her future now that she is pregnant again. Drawing on the theoretical frameworks we have covered in class ( 1) Attachment Theory & 2) Feminist Theory - including Social Construction Theory which you can use together with Feminism), present a well-condensed interpretation of the case. Use the characteristics of this particular case study to highlight theoretical positions, rather than a general theoretical interpretation of the phenomena presented. In other words, how do the two theoretical frameworks help you make sense of what is going on in this intimate relationship? Please do not use other theoretical perspectives in this unit except what is stated above. Please write in APA 7 format and style, including references, i.e., double-spaced and 12pt font. You do not need a long introduction, or history or conclusion as it is not an essay. Focus on interpreting the factors related to the case study. You may make some assumptions about other factors that contribute to the couple's situation, but that is not the main focus of the task – that is simply to ease your analysis of the case. Moreover, while you may mention that therapy assists, the task is not about therapeutic ways of intervening but rather on how to understand the situation presented. Please do not use many direct quotes as the main task is to paraphrase what you have read in preparation for this assignment. Bear in mind that you should read and synthesise information from a number of sources whilst simultaneously highlighting the key points in order to reflect your knowledge of the subject matter. You need to select your words carefully so that they capture key points as concisely as possible. Certain key words are pertinent to the subject matter being addressed The goal is to write as succinctly as possible. Do not exceed but maintain the word count as this is part of the assessment criteria. Please do not write in summary form but in complete sentences demonstrating correct grammar usage. OBS: My idea is to write a brief intro <100. Use the elements of the relationship and explain in terms of theories (attachment theory, feminist theory, and social construction theory) Divide around 7 paragraphs where which have 1 idea (150-200 words) that has an explanation of the theory and take as an evidence example from the case. Each example is one problem of the relationship.
Make a podcast script to compare the political party systems of US and Canada. Make connections to at least three different concepts videos attached in files and then explain which one of these systems is better for the median voter.
Make a podcast script to compare the political party systems of US and Canada. Make connections to at least three different concepts videos attached in files and then explain which one of these systems is better for the median voter.
Sources:
1. https://www.macleans.ca/opinion/the-permanent-campaign-u-s-versus-canada/.
Video lectures:
1. https://ln5.sync.com/dl/fa91f1dc0#qeyjhq34-fxmysbv7-xc94gvz3-td28ph4u
2.
https://ln5.sync.com/dl/2c7cac790#cvp7k8db-zdw4tvde-zwfuv2q6-h7j4cusi
Password for both videos : week12
RepliesDiscussion Thread: Problem-Based Learning
Relpy to the following post
Relpy 1
Robert Irwin
Problem-based learning is an approach that is being advocated for more over time (Chapin, 2013). The approach consists of a real-world and open-ended task. Problem-based learning is not an artificial exercise. Problem-based learning could be implemented using a local controversy or a school problem. Students are more likely to buy into the process because of the authentic learning experience. The definitions of problem-based learning are different but several elements are usually associated by this type of learning. The process focuses on authentic learning, requires in-depth inquiry, fosters interdisciplinary thinking and benefits from student cooperation (Chapin, 2013). Problem-based learning is often broken down in five steps. They are question, gather data, conclude, communicate and evaluate.
Problem-based learning is highly advocated but often not implemented in the classroom. The learning approach is defined differently which can make implementation difficult. If the approach is not clearly defined, individuals will work to solve a problem in their own way.
To overcome this hurdle to implementing the learning approach, the definition must be clear. One way to accomplish this is to use the classic scientific model to problem solving (Chapin, 2013). The problem must first be clearly defined. Students must be able to recognize the problem. A question that is too broad will lead to very different ways of solving the problem. Next an hypothesis must be developed. Students must then develop a plan to gather and analyze information on the problem. Once the information is analyzed, the hypothesis is either rejected or accepted. This process can be repeated until an acceptable solution to the problem is found.
Reference
Chapin, J. (2013). Elementary social studies: A practical guide (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. Robert Irwin
Reply 2
Brandie Irwin
Problem-based learning is an approach that is increased and advocated (Chapin, 2013). Problem-based learning has changed the focus to current problems. The learning experience is authentic. The focus is centered on students. The problem involves an action component. There are different types of definitions for project-based learning but there are certain elements included in this learning. Problem-based learning requires in-depth inquiry, authentic learning focused, interdisciplinary thinking, and student cooperation benefits.
The steps for task division problem-based learning would first begin with a question, then gather data, come up with a conclusion, communicate and finally evaluate (Chapin, 2013). Problem-solving for Dewey’s steps you would first define the problem, come up with different solutions to the problem, formulate a hypothesis for testing, gather data to support or not support their hypothesis, use many sources, and support or reject the hypothesis.
The projects encourage the use of technology (Chapin, 2013). The students would communicate what is needed done and evaluate the success of their solution. Smaller groups look at multiple plans. Skills will need to be taught directly so the students can do step-by-step . Problem-based learning is only used one or two times a year because of the time needed to do the project. Students learning and skill development makes this learning worth doing.
Classrooms do not implement problem-based learning more in classrooms because there is an increased unpredictability (Ribeiro, 2011). Teacher resist PBL due to the methodology test of what teachers know and do. Uncomfortable physic feelings come unintentionally which causes the teacher to resist the PBL. Teachers have concerns of not being able to follow the syllabus. One of the most challenging factors for teachers using PBL is there is not a priority for syllabus coverage. The priority is on the development of analysis, synthesis, evaluation, and critical thinking skills. Due to making skills a priority causes issues in the conceptual knowledge. Teachers do not feel adequate due to not knowing the concept of PBL.
A Bible verse that reminds me why as a teacher you can over come any obstacles is found in Philippians 4:13. God tells us that we can do anything with God. He will give us the strength.
References
Chapin, J. (2013). Elementary social studies: A practical guide (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson
Ribeiro, L.R. (2011). The pros and cons of problem-based learning from the teacher standpoint. Retrieved from www.files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/Ej940100.pdf