civil war and rebel governance in Syria since 2011

Answer it in no more than 24,000 characters including spaces as well as quotes, citations, and references which in all cases have to follow accepted academic standards; references may obviously include news items and the like, but they need to focus on the academic literature that allows treating the subject matter.
How useful are the concepts of EITHER ‘civil war’ OR ‘rebel governance’ for describing the developments that have unfolded in Syria since 2011?

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