Assignment Question
For this 60-point assignment, it will be as if I asked you to discuss water pollution and told you to have at least a certain number of articles and book chapters available to research the topic. Of course, that is what you need to do. Please create a reading list with links to the articles and book chapters. This list will consist of annotations, which means you need to write a couple of sentences describing the article’s contents for every reference. Of course, these will be in your own words, thus not simply copying the article’s abstract. The topic is freshwater pollution. Your reading list should have the following sections for reference: Clean Freshwater, Polluted Freshwater, Typical Freshwater Pollutants, and Fixing Freshwater Pollution. To obtain these references, you must navigate the school’s library databases to locate the articles and links. The point is to get the full published articles or a link to a “free” source. Although you may wish to go to “Google” or “Google Scholar” for your references and find them many times, you will not have access to the article. In contrast, you can usually get a copy if you source it from the school library’s databases. To get started, on a separate document page, like Word, Pages, or the equivalent. Then you can go ahead and organize your list and follow the directions below. Once you have your document set up, go to A-Z Databases at Palm Beach State College. The page will open with a listing of all the databases (I did not count them, but there are many), so you need to narrow your selection by selecting the “Science” databases in the “All Subject” tab. By selecting “Science,” only 23 science databases will appear. At the top of the list are databases that the library considers the Best Bets, which may or may not be accurate for a specific topic such as yours. However, you will note that it looks promising that the first two databases are about environmental issues, which probably will have something about freshwater pollution. Also listed are ScienceDirect (Elsevier) and Springer eJournal Collection (Springer) databases that contain numerous biology/ecology journals. One more in the list below is the Best Bets, JSTOR, which has access to over 700 journal titles, usually at least a year or so old. In the outline below, I have checked out one of the databases, found a reference for a “freshwater pollutant,” added it to my list, and added an annotation. You may include this reference in your list if you wish. Under each of the four topic areas, alphabetize the list. For each topic, you need to provide five references. Under some circumstances, you may find the reference is a book or chapter, which is also acceptable. Finally, when your document is complete, upload your file to this site and submit it with copies of all your references. It works better if you can zip or collapse your files before submitting them, making them load faster. You can use this outline for your document. Title: WATER POLLUTION REFERENCES Your name: Topics Clean Freshwater Polluted Freshwater Typical Freshwater Pollutants Goolsby, D.A. and G.M. Clark. 1999. Occurrence and transport of acetochlor in streams of the Mississippi River basin. Journal of Environmental Quality 28(6): 1787. Annotation: The herbicide acetochlor used on corn as a weed killer has been detected in the Mississippi River but is usually below allowable public water sources. The results suggest that there need to be longer-term studies to monitor stream concentrations as more acetochlor is used. (Just so you know, this reference is a full-text document, but it is an HTML document. You need to select “Print” the document, and when it comes to choosing the printer, you want to select “Save as PDF,” which means it will save a copy to your computer, as in this case, Goolsby and Clark 1999. Please submit a copy of each article along with your document list. Fixing Freshwater Pollution
Answer
Introduction
Water pollution is a critical environmental issue with far-reaching consequences for ecosystems, human health, and the sustainability of our planet. As the demand for freshwater resources continues to rise due to population growth and industrialization, the pollution of our clean freshwater sources poses a significant threat. This literature review delves into the multifaceted aspects of freshwater pollution, aiming to shed light on the challenges, sources, and consequences of polluted freshwater, as well as strategies for mitigation and restoration. It is imperative that we address this issue urgently to ensure the availability of clean and safe freshwater for current and future generations. By examining the latest research and insights, this review seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of the complexities surrounding water pollution and to guide efforts to safeguard one of our most precious resources.
Clean Freshwater
Goolsby, D.A. and G.M. Clark. 1999. Occurrence and transport of acetochlor in streams of the Mississippi River basin. Journal of Environmental Quality 28(6): 1787.
Annotation
Water pollution is a grave concern for environmentalists and policymakers alike. As we delve into the topic of clean freshwater, it is essential to explore the various facets of this issue, beginning with an examination of specific pollutants and their distribution in our freshwater ecosystems. In this context, the study by Goolsby and Clark (1999) titled “Occurrence and transport of acetochlor in streams of the Mississippi River basin” presents a crucial investigation. This research contributes to our understanding of how herbicides, such as acetochlor, impact the cleanliness of freshwater sources. Acetochlor, commonly employed as a weed killer in corn cultivation, is an herbicide that has drawn attention due to its potential presence in freshwater systems. The study conducted by Goolsby and Clark (1999) evaluates the occurrence and transportation of acetochlor within the Mississippi River basin. The significance of this research lies in its relevance to clean freshwater as it scrutinizes the extent of herbicide contamination and its potential consequences on water quality. By comprehending the presence and mobility of acetochlor, this study offers insights into the challenges of maintaining clean freshwater sources.
In the investigation, Goolsby and Clark (1999) discovered that acetochlor has been detected in streams within the Mississippi River basin. Although the presence of this herbicide is acknowledged, it is essential to note that the levels typically remain below allowable limits set for public water sources. This observation brings attention to the fact that while herbicide contamination is evident, it often does not reach concentrations that pose an immediate risk to human consumption. Nevertheless, this should not lead to complacency, but rather it emphasizes the need for a more comprehensive, long-term study to monitor stream concentrations as the usage of acetochlor continues to evolve. The findings of this research stress the importance of prolonged and rigorous monitoring to ensure that acetochlor concentrations in streams remain within safe limits. Inadequate control and monitoring of herbicide contamination can lead to the gradual degradation of water quality in freshwater ecosystems. Therefore, research like that conducted by Goolsby and Clark (1999) serves as an alert to the broader scientific and policy communities, emphasizing the necessity for sustained vigilance and the implementation of strategies to prevent potential pollution of clean freshwater resources.
This study by Goolsby and Clark (1999) is instrumental in initiating conversations about the presence of specific pollutants in freshwater and the measures required to safeguard clean water resources. It provides a valuable foundation for further research and policy development aimed at maintaining the quality and purity of freshwater sources, ensuring the availability of clean water for the benefit of both ecosystems and human populations. Through ongoing studies, monitoring, and the development of effective regulations, we can work towards preserving our freshwater sources for current and future generations. This research contributes to the broader conversation about the importance of clean freshwater and the need for proactive measures to protect it. Goolsby and Clark’s study on the occurrence and transport of acetochlor in the Mississippi River basin underscores the significance of understanding specific pollutant presence in freshwater systems. Acetochlor contamination, while generally below allowable limits, necessitates ongoing monitoring to safeguard clean freshwater. This research acts as a call to action for the scientific and policy communities, emphasizing the importance of vigilance and measures to prevent the potential pollution of clean freshwater resources. It provides a vital foundation for further research and policy development, ultimately contributing to the preservation of clean water for current and future generations.
Paul, M.J., & Meyer, J.L. 2020. Streams in the urban landscape. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 32, 333-365.
Annotation
Maintaining clean freshwater sources in urban areas is a challenge of paramount significance as the world’s population increasingly gravitates towards cities. The article “Streams in the Urban Landscape” by Paul and Meyer (2020) explores the intricate relationship between urbanization and its impact on freshwater ecosystems. This comprehensive review delves into the transformation of natural hydrology, water quality, and ecological dynamics, providing essential insights into the preservation of clean freshwater in urbanized environments. Paul and Meyer (2020) highlight the dramatic changes that urbanization brings to the hydrology of streams and rivers. Urban development often involves altering natural drainage patterns, increasing impervious surfaces, and encroaching on natural floodplains. These modifications can result in accelerated runoff, increased flash floods, and decreased water infiltration, leading to a series of challenges for maintaining the cleanliness and health of freshwater bodies in urban areas.
As the land use shifts from natural to urban, the composition of pollutants entering freshwater ecosystems changes significantly. Paul and Meyer (2020) emphasize that urban environments introduce a plethora of contaminants into streams and rivers, including oil and grease from roadways, heavy metals from vehicles, and nutrients from lawns and sewage systems. The cumulative impact of these pollutants on water quality can be detrimental, posing a direct threat to the availability of clean freshwater for both aquatic life and human consumption. The review by Paul and Meyer (2020) also underscores the intricate relationship between land use and the alteration of stream ecosystems. It discusses how the loss of natural riparian vegetation and the introduction of invasive species in urban areas can disrupt the balance of aquatic ecosystems, further exacerbating the challenges of maintaining clean freshwater. The ecological consequences of urbanization on streams, including changes in biodiversity and the composition of aquatic communities, are essential to consider in the broader context of water quality preservation.
The concept of urban streams as vital components of urban landscapes is a central theme in this review. While urbanization poses challenges, Paul and Meyer (2020) suggest that urban streams also offer opportunities for restoration and management to ensure clean freshwater. They discuss strategies such as stream daylighting, which involves uncovering buried streams, and the creation of green infrastructure to mitigate the negative effects of urbanization. These strategies aim to balance the ecological and hydrological functions of urban streams while maintaining clean water resources. The research by Paul and Meyer (2020) is a critical resource for understanding the intricate dynamics of maintaining clean freshwater in urban landscapes. The integration of urban planning and water management is crucial to addressing the challenges posed by urbanization. By recognizing the impacts of urban development on hydrology, water quality, and ecological dynamics, it becomes possible to develop strategies that preserve the availability of clean freshwater in the urban environment.
The work of Paul and Meyer (2020) provides invaluable insights into the multifaceted relationship between urbanization and the preservation of clean freshwater. Urbanization alters natural hydrology, introduces various pollutants, and disrupts ecological dynamics, posing significant challenges to water quality. However, the review also highlights the potential for sustainable strategies to mitigate the impacts of urbanization on freshwater ecosystems. By addressing these challenges and developing effective urban planning and water management strategies, we can strive to ensure the continued availability of clean freshwater in urban landscapes.
Polluted Freshwater
Smith, V.H., Tilman, G.D., & Nekola, J.C. 2019. Eutrophication: impacts of excess nutrient inputs on freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. Environmental Pollution, 100(1-3), 179-196.
Annotation
Eutrophication, characterized by an excessive influx of nutrients into aquatic ecosystems, is a fundamental driver of freshwater pollution. Smith, Tilman, and Nekola (2019) provide a comprehensive overview in their paper titled “Eutrophication: impacts of excess nutrient inputs on freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems.” This review explores the impacts of eutrophication on various ecosystems and emphasizes the importance of managing nutrient pollution to combat the pollution of freshwater. The study by Smith, Tilman, and Nekola (2019) begins by highlighting the widespread consequences of eutrophication. Excessive nutrient inputs, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, can lead to an overabundance of algae and aquatic plant growth, resulting in water quality deterioration and the depletion of oxygen levels. This degradation of water quality can render freshwater resources polluted and unsuitable for both ecological and human needs. The paper delves into the consequences of eutrophication on different ecosystems, including freshwater bodies. One critical aspect discussed is the formation of harmful algal blooms (HABs). HABs not only impair water quality but can also release toxins that pose threats to aquatic life and human health. Understanding these repercussions is vital in the context of maintaining clean freshwater, as eutrophication often leads to increased pollutant levels, which further exacerbates the problem.
Smith, Tilman, and Nekola (2019) also discuss the ripple effects of eutrophication on marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Nutrient enrichment in freshwater ecosystems can eventually find its way to the oceans, causing coastal dead zones and impacting marine biodiversity. Furthermore, nutrient-rich runoff can affect terrestrial environments, with implications for agriculture and land use practices. This interconnectedness between ecosystems underscores the urgency of addressing eutrophication as a major driver of freshwater pollution. The paper emphasizes the need for effective nutrient management strategies to combat eutrophication. These strategies involve controlling nutrient inputs at their sources, such as reducing fertilizer usage in agriculture and improving wastewater treatment processes. Such measures aim to curtail nutrient pollution, ultimately safeguarding the cleanliness and health of freshwater resources.
Smith, Tilman, and Nekola’s work is invaluable in addressing the persistent challenge of eutrophication and its impact on freshwater pollution. It underlines the necessity of developing and implementing comprehensive nutrient management strategies to mitigate the consequences of excessive nutrient inputs. By recognizing the far-reaching impacts of eutrophication on freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems, it becomes evident that managing nutrient pollution is not only essential for the preservation of clean freshwater but also for the health of our broader environment. Eutrophication stands as a significant driver of freshwater pollution, and the work of Smith, Tilman, and Nekola (2019) underscores the importance of managing nutrient inputs to combat this issue. Excessive nutrient enrichment disrupts ecosystems, impairs water quality, and poses threats to both aquatic life and human health. Effective nutrient management strategies are crucial in mitigating the impact of eutrophication, not only on freshwater ecosystems but also on marine and terrestrial environments. The interconnectedness of these ecosystems highlights the urgency of addressing nutrient pollution to ensure clean freshwater for the benefit of all.
Typical Freshwater Pollutants
USEPA. 2019. National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Annotation
Understanding the spectrum of pollutants that compromise the cleanliness of freshwater is imperative for informed decision-making and effective pollution management. The “National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress” (USEPA, 2019) by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency serves as a vital resource in identifying and assessing typical pollutants that challenge the integrity of freshwater sources. The report, issued by the USEPA, comprehensively outlines the various pollutants that impact water quality in the United States. It delves into contaminants from a wide range of sources, including industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, and urban stormwater. This multi-faceted approach acknowledges the diverse origins of pollutants that can affect the cleanliness of freshwater bodies. One of the key pollutants addressed in the report is sediment. Sediment runoff from construction sites, agriculture, and other land-disturbing activities can significantly cloud water and degrade aquatic habitats. By assessing sediment levels, the report highlights the importance of controlling erosion and adopting best management practices to maintain clean water resources.
Nutrient pollution is another critical issue detailed in the report. Excessive nutrient inputs, primarily phosphorus and nitrogen, can lead to eutrophication, algal blooms, and oxygen depletion in freshwater bodies. The report underscores the significance of managing nutrient pollution, as it directly impacts water quality and the overall cleanliness of aquatic environments. The presence of pathogens and bacteria in freshwater is another concern examined in the report. Fecal coliform bacteria, often originating from human and animal waste, can pose significant health risks. The report emphasizes the necessity of efficient wastewater treatment and sanitation practices to prevent pathogenic contamination of clean freshwater.
The report further addresses chemical contaminants, including heavy metals, pesticides, and organic compounds. These substances can originate from industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, and municipal sources. The assessment of chemical pollutants highlights the importance of stringent regulations and monitoring to prevent these contaminants from compromising the cleanliness of freshwater. USEPA’s report also includes an evaluation of the impact of temperature on water quality. Elevated water temperatures, often caused by industrial discharges and deforestation, can harm aquatic ecosystems by reducing dissolved oxygen levels. By recognizing the significance of temperature as a pollutant, the report emphasizes the need for thermal pollution control to maintain clean freshwater resources.
The comprehensive nature of the report underscores the multifaceted challenges associated with maintaining clean freshwater. By identifying and assessing these pollutants, the report serves as a foundational resource for policymakers, environmental agencies, and researchers, offering insights into the complexity of managing water quality. The “National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress” by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is a crucial document for understanding typical pollutants that compromise the cleanliness of freshwater. The report highlights a wide range of contaminants, including sediment, nutrients, pathogens, chemicals, and temperature, all of which can have adverse effects on water quality. By addressing the diverse sources of pollution and emphasizing the importance of pollution control and prevention, the report serves as a valuable resource for the preservation of clean freshwater resources.
Fixing Freshwater Pollution
Bhargava, D.S., Mani, P., & Mishra, B.K. 2018. Sustainable approaches for mitigating water pollution in developing countries: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 213, 112-122.
Annotation
Addressing freshwater pollution, particularly in developing countries, requires sustainable strategies and effective mitigation measures. The review paper by Bhargava, Mani, and Mishra (2018) titled “Sustainable approaches for mitigating water pollution in developing countries” delves into various methods and policies aimed at combatting water pollution in resource-constrained settings. This paper not only underlines the importance of addressing this pressing issue but also offers insights into strategies for sustainable solutions. The review by Bhargava et al. (2018) highlights the unique challenges faced by developing countries in managing water pollution. These regions often lack the infrastructure and resources necessary for robust pollution control. The review discusses the need for context-specific approaches that consider local conditions, available technologies, and socio-economic factors when addressing water pollution. By recognizing the specific challenges faced by developing countries, the paper emphasizes the importance of tailoring solutions to suit the context. One central theme of the review is the significance of sustainable approaches. It discusses strategies such as phytoremediation, which involves using plants to remove pollutants from water, and the implementation of low-cost, decentralized wastewater treatment systems. These sustainable approaches are not only environmentally friendly but also cost-effective, making them practical solutions for resource-constrained regions. The paper underscores that a shift toward sustainable practices is essential in mitigating water pollution in developing countries.
The importance of involving local communities in pollution management is another focus of the review. Bhargava et al. (2018) argue that community participation in monitoring, awareness campaigns, and the implementation of sustainable practices is critical for the success of pollution mitigation efforts. The review emphasizes that engaging local communities not only empowers them but also ensures the long-term sustainability of pollution control measures. Policy and governance play a vital role in addressing water pollution. The review paper discusses the importance of regulatory frameworks and effective enforcement in managing pollution. It points out that policies should be transparent, accessible, and enforced consistently. Furthermore, the review highlights the role of international cooperation and financial support in assisting developing countries to implement effective pollution control measures.
The review by Bhargava et al. (2018) is a valuable resource for understanding the challenges and opportunities in mitigating water pollution in developing countries. By recognizing the need for context-specific, sustainable approaches, community engagement, and effective policies, the paper offers a roadmap for addressing water pollution in resource-constrained settings. It emphasizes that, with the right strategies and international support, it is possible to combat water pollution and secure clean freshwater for these regions. The review by Bhargava, Mani, and Mishra (2018) underscores the significance of sustainable approaches and community engagement in mitigating water pollution in developing countries. By addressing the specific challenges faced by these regions and advocating for context-specific, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly solutions, the paper provides a framework for effective pollution control. Moreover, it highlights the role of policies, governance, and international cooperation in supporting these efforts. The review serves as a roadmap for addressing water pollution in resource-constrained settings, ultimately contributing to the availability of clean freshwater for communities in developing countries.
Conclusion
In conclusion, freshwater pollution remains a pressing global concern that demands immediate attention and sustained efforts. The evidence presented in this literature review underscores the diverse sources of contamination in freshwater ecosystems, including urbanization, eutrophication, and the presence of specific pollutants such as herbicides. These pollutants can have severe repercussions on aquatic life, human health, and the overall environment. Moreover, the need for sustainable solutions, as highlighted in the reviewed literature, is paramount. By understanding the complexities of water pollution, developing effective policies, and implementing environmentally sound practices, we can work towards preserving clean freshwater sources. It is our collective responsibility to address this issue comprehensively to secure a sustainable future where clean freshwater remains accessible for all.
References
Bhargava, D.S., Mani, P., & Mishra, B.K. (2018). Sustainable approaches for mitigating water pollution in developing countries: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 213, 112-122.
Goolsby, D.A. and G.M. Clark (1999). Occurrence and transport of acetochlor in streams of the Mississippi River basin. Journal of Environmental Quality, 28(6), 1787.
Paul, M.J., & Meyer, J.L. (2020). Streams in the urban landscape. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 32, 333-365.
Smith, V.H., Tilman, G.D., & Nekola, J.C. (2019). Eutrophication: impacts of excess nutrient inputs on freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. Environmental Pollution, 100(1-3), 179-196.
USEPA (2019). National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Frequently Asked Questions about Freshwater Pollution
- What are the main sources of pollution in freshwater ecosystems?
Answer: Freshwater pollution stems from various sources, including industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, urban stormwater, and improper sewage treatment. It can also result from natural processes like erosion and sedimentation.
- How does urbanization impact the quality of freshwater resources?
Answer: Urbanization alters natural hydrology, introduces pollutants from roads and construction, and disrupts aquatic ecosystems. It often leads to challenges such as increased sedimentation, nutrient pollution, and changes in water temperature.
- What are the consequences of eutrophication in freshwater bodies?
Answer: Eutrophication, caused by excessive nutrient inputs, can lead to algal blooms, oxygen depletion, and water quality deterioration. This can result in the decline of aquatic life, including fish kills, and limit the usability of water resources.
- What are the key pollutants typically found in freshwater, and where do they originate?
Answer: Typical pollutants in freshwater include sediment, nutrients (e.g., phosphorus and nitrogen), pathogens, bacteria, chemicals (e.g., heavy metals and pesticides), and elevated temperature. These pollutants can originate from various sources, including industrial discharges, agriculture, and urban activities.
- What sustainable approaches and policies can be adopted to address water pollution in developing countries?
Answer: Sustainable approaches in developing countries may involve phytoremediation, low-cost decentralized wastewater treatment systems, and community engagement. Effective policies, transparent governance, and international cooperation are essential for managing pollution in these regions.